本文選題：冬小麥 + 秸稈還田�。� 參考：《山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：為了研究秸稈還田條件下合理的氮肥運(yùn)籌對土壤肥力及冬小麥氮素利用的影響,從而為黃淮東部秸稈還田增產(chǎn)增效及培肥地力提供理論和技術(shù)支撐,以冬小麥濟(jì)麥22(JM22)為材料,于2014 2016年兩個小麥生長季通過田間定位試驗(yàn),采用裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì),主區(qū)為秸稈處理:分別設(shè)置秸稈還田(S1)和無秸稈還田(S0)兩個處理;副區(qū)為氮肥處理:設(shè)置施氮水平分別為0 kg hm-2(N1)、180 kg hm-2(N2)、240 kg hm-2(N3)、300 kg hm-2(N4)四個氮肥水平,基追比例均為1:1。另在施氮量為240 kg hm-2的基礎(chǔ)上,設(shè)置三個氮肥基追比例分別為7:3(T1)、5:5(T2)及3:7(T3),共12個處理。結(jié)果表明,秸稈還田顯著降低了0-10 cm土層土壤容重,降低幅度為3.57%-6.00%,顯著提高了其孔隙度,提高幅度為3.53%-6.47%;隨施氮量及追肥比例的升高0-10 cm土層土壤容重有降低的趨勢,相對的土壤孔隙度有上升的趨勢,秸稈還田及氮肥運(yùn)籌對下層土壤的影響程度要遠(yuǎn)小于上層土壤。與無秸稈還田相比較秸稈還田顯著提高了0-30cm土層土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的含量,各施氮量提高幅度分別為2.41%、8.98%、25.61%以及34.31%,且隨施氮量的升高有機(jī)質(zhì)含量有逐漸升高的趨勢。對于無秸稈還田處理0-30 cm土層土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量隨施氮量的升高有下降的趨勢。秸稈還田及施氮量對于30-60 cm土層土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量無顯著影響。對于不同基追比例來說,提高比例分別為6.49%、5.54%、5.86%,且以氮肥基追比例為7:3處理提高幅度最大,提高基肥比例有利于增加秸稈還田條件下30-60 cm土層有機(jī)質(zhì)含量。秸稈還田顯著提高冬小麥花后旗葉SPAD值,同一時期SPAD值隨施氮量的增加而增加。與單施氮肥相比較,秸稈還田配施不同量氮肥提高了花后干物質(zhì)積累比例,增加幅度為0.24% 6.75%,提高施肥量有利于冬小麥全生育期干物質(zhì)積累總量的提高。對于基追比例試驗(yàn)表明秸稈還田配施不同基追比例的氮肥提高了花后干物質(zhì)積累比例,增加幅度為3.22% 18.5%,提高基肥施用比例有利于冬小麥全生育期干物質(zhì)積累總量的提高。秸稈還田配施適量氮肥顯著提高了冬小麥氮效率,提高幅度為8.84%-14.68%。秸稈還田配施不同基追比例的氮肥提高了冬小麥的氮素利用效率及氮素收獲指數(shù),均以氮肥基追比例為7:3處理增幅最大,分別達(dá)到11.08%和5.21%。與單施氮肥相比較,秸稈還田優(yōu)化氮素在各個器官中的分配,有利于提高營養(yǎng)器官氮素再轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)對籽粒氮素積累的貢獻(xiàn)率。秸稈還田配施適量氮肥增加了穗粒數(shù)及千粒重最終達(dá)到提高產(chǎn)量的目的。秸稈還田配施較高比例基肥,顯著提高了畝穗數(shù)與千粒重最終產(chǎn)量高于單施氮肥處理,以氮肥基追比例7:3的處理產(chǎn)量最高。因此,建議在與本試驗(yàn)自然環(huán)境及生產(chǎn)條件相似的地區(qū),秸稈全量粉碎還田條件下配施氮肥240 kg hm-2并適當(dāng)增加基肥比例是可兼顧效率、環(huán)境及產(chǎn)量的一條途徑。
[Abstract]:In order to study the effect of reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application on soil fertility and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat under the condition of straw returning to the field, so as to provide theoretical and technical support for increasing yield and soil fertility of winter wheat in the east of Huanghuai, the winter wheat JM22 was used as the material. In 2014 ~ 2016 two wheat growing seasons passed the field positioning experiment, adopting the split area design, the main area was straw treatment: two treatments: the straw returning to the field S1) and the no straw returning to the field S0); The secondary area was nitrogen fertilizer treatment: the nitrogen application level was 0 kg / h ~ (-2) N _ (1) and 180 kg 路h ~ (-2) N _ (2) N _ (2) N _ (4) respectively) four nitrogen fertilizer levels of 240 kg 路h ~ (-2) N _ (3) N ~ (3 +) and 300 kg 路h ~ (-2) N _ (4), the ratio of base to topdressing was 1: 1. In addition, on the basis of 240kg hm-2, there were 12 treatments with three N fertilizer base topdressing ratios of 7: 3T1 and 5: 5T2) and 3: 7T3 respectively. The results showed that the soil bulk density of 0-10 cm soil layer was significantly reduced by straw returning, and the soil bulk density of 0-10 cm soil layer decreased with the increase of nitrogen application amount and topdressing ratio, and the porosity was significantly increased by 3.53 -6.47, and the soil bulk density was decreased by 3.57 ~ 6.00%. The relative porosity of soil increased, and the effect of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer application on the lower soil was much smaller than that on the upper soil. Compared with that without straw returning, the content of organic matter in 0-30cm soil layer was significantly increased, and the nitrogen application rates were 2.41%, 25.61% and 34.31%, respectively, and the content of organic matter increased gradually with the increase of nitrogen application rate. The content of organic matter in 0-30 cm soil layer decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. There was no significant effect on soil organic matter content in 30-60 cm soil layer by straw return and nitrogen application. For different ratio of base and topdressing, the proportion of increase was 6.495.54 / 5.86. the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer to topdressing was 7:3, and the increase of the ratio of basal fertilizer was beneficial to increase the content of organic matter in 30-60 cm soil layer under the condition of straw returning to the field. The SPAD value of flag leaves of winter wheat after anthesis was significantly increased by straw returning to the field, and the SPAD value increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate in the same period. Compared with the single application of nitrogen fertilizer, the dry matter accumulation ratio after flowering was increased by 0.24% or 6.75%, and the total dry matter accumulation during the whole growth period of winter wheat was improved by applying different amount of nitrogen fertilizer with straw returning to the field. The results of basal topdressing experiment showed that the ratio of dry matter accumulation after anthesis was increased by 3.22% and 18.5by applying nitrogen fertilizer with different ratio of basal topdressing and straw returning to the field, and increasing the proportion of basal fertilizer was beneficial to the increase of total dry matter accumulation during the whole growth period of winter wheat. The nitrogen efficiency of winter wheat was significantly improved by applying appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer to the field with straw returning to the field, and the range was 8.84-14.68. The nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of winter wheat were improved by applying nitrogen fertilizer with different ratio of base and topdressing to the field, with the largest increase of 11.08% and 5.21% when the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer base and topdressing was 7:3, respectively. Compared with single application of nitrogen fertilizer, straw returning to the field to optimize the distribution of nitrogen in each organ was beneficial to increase the contribution rate of nitrogen re-transport to grain nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs. The grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight were increased by applying appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer to the field with straw returning to the field, and the yield was finally increased. The yield of ear number and 1000-grain weight per mu was significantly higher than that of single nitrogen fertilizer application, and the yield of the treatment with 7:3 ratio of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing was the highest. Therefore, it is suggested that in areas similar to the natural environment and production conditions of the experiment, it is a way to combine the application of 240kg hm-2 with nitrogen fertilizer and increase the proportion of basal fertilizer properly under the condition of full straw crushing and returning to the field, which can give consideration to efficiency, environment and yield.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S158;S512.11

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