本文選題：農(nóng)業(yè)恢復(fù)措施 + 土壤孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)��； 參考：《中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：土壤結(jié)構(gòu)控制土壤水分、養(yǎng)分的儲(chǔ)存運(yùn)輸和氣體擴(kuò)散,調(diào)控土壤微生物活動(dòng),因此決定了土壤生態(tài)服務(wù)功能。農(nóng)業(yè)恢復(fù)措施通過(guò)調(diào)控土壤結(jié)構(gòu)影響土壤肥力,但是相關(guān)知識(shí)主要來(lái)自于對(duì)成熟土壤的研究,關(guān)于在土壤成土初級(jí)階段農(nóng)業(yè)恢復(fù)措施如何影響新成土土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的報(bào)道很少。本研究假設(shè)耕作措施和有機(jī)物還田能加速初始成土過(guò)程及土壤結(jié)構(gòu)形成,從而導(dǎo)致不同處理土壤孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)產(chǎn)生差異。利用中國(guó)科學(xué)院海倫農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)站設(shè)立的8年黑土母質(zhì)成土過(guò)程模擬試驗(yàn),應(yīng)用μCT技術(shù),輔以BET氮?dú)馕椒ê蛪毫δx法定量孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì),本研究將從:1)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定性;2)孔隙分布變化;3)孔隙不同定量方法的差異;三方面揭示不同農(nóng)業(yè)恢復(fù)措施對(duì)新成土壤結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)的改變。田間處理包括不耕作的自然恢復(fù)(NatF)、種植牧草(Alfa)和相同耕作體系結(jié)合不同化肥(F)與有機(jī)質(zhì)(C)改良的土壤處理F0C0、F1C0、F1C1、F1C2;并設(shè)母質(zhì)(PM)和成熟黑土(MO)2個(gè)對(duì)照。主要結(jié)果如下:(1)經(jīng)過(guò)8年田間試驗(yàn),各試驗(yàn)處理土壤理化性質(zhì)、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量、團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定性都得到改善,僅F1C1和F1C2處理的陽(yáng)離子交換量減小;各試驗(yàn)處理土壤與成熟黑土仍有較大差距或差異。與不耕作處理相比,耕作降低土壤容重、團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定性;秸稈覆蓋還田、翻耕還田,增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量、土壤總氮含量,降低土壤容重,提高團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定性。黑土母質(zhì)成土初級(jí)階段的團(tuán)聚體穩(wěn)定機(jī)制與成熟黑土的不同,新成土在成土初期主要以年輕有機(jī)質(zhì)為膠結(jié)物質(zhì),而成熟黑土以腐殖化程度高的有機(jī)質(zhì)為膠結(jié)物質(zhì)。(2)不同農(nóng)業(yè)恢復(fù)措施對(duì)土壤團(tuán)聚體吸附孔隙有影響,主要表現(xiàn)在各試驗(yàn)處理土壤比表面積、總孔容、2~50 nm、2 nm孔隙減少;有機(jī)質(zhì)的增加,減小土壤比表面積和2 nm孔隙度。對(duì)土壤團(tuán)聚體(3-5 mm)內(nèi)部微形態(tài)的影響,主要體現(xiàn)在各試驗(yàn)處理土壤團(tuán)聚體內(nèi)部變得疏松多孔,三維孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)連通性、復(fù)雜度提高。各試驗(yàn)處理土壤在二維和三維結(jié)構(gòu)下已經(jīng)比較接近黑土。耕作使小孔隙增加,在三維結(jié)構(gòu)上表現(xiàn)更復(fù)雜,有機(jī)質(zhì)使小孔隙減少,三維結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)化。對(duì)CT圖像分析獲得的土壤團(tuán)聚體(3-5 mm)孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)的影響,主要表現(xiàn)在各試驗(yàn)處理土壤總孔隙度、30μm孔隙度、孔隙數(shù)量增加,耕作施肥措施增加100μm的孔隙度和孔隙連通性,有機(jī)質(zhì)降低孔隙的連續(xù)性,簡(jiǎn)化孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)。(3)不同農(nóng)業(yè)恢復(fù)措施對(duì)原狀土(50 mm直徑環(huán)刀,下同)孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)的影響,表現(xiàn)在對(duì)于以水分特征曲線獲得的孔隙,不耕作處理間比較,有機(jī)質(zhì)增加原狀土大于150μm和0.2~1μm的孔隙,減小30~150μm和小于0.2μm的孔隙;不耕作處理與耕作無(wú)有機(jī)質(zhì)還田處理比較,耕作減少30~150μm孔隙,增加0.2-30μm孔隙。耕作處理間比較,有機(jī)質(zhì)還田使原狀土30~150μm孔隙增多,0.2~30μm孔隙減少。對(duì)土壤原狀土內(nèi)部微形態(tài)的影響,主要體現(xiàn)在與不耕作土壤比,耕作原狀土內(nèi)部變得疏松多孔,土塊變小,次級(jí)團(tuán)聚體增多,使大孔隙減少,次級(jí)孔隙增多,分布變均勻;由于環(huán)刀原狀土孔隙非常多,三維可視化差異不顯著。對(duì)CT圖像分析獲得的原狀土孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)的影響,主要表現(xiàn)在相同耕作體系下施化肥使土壤板結(jié),形成大裂縫(5000μm),減少了次級(jí)大孔隙(500~5000μm);有機(jī)質(zhì)還田增加總孔隙度、500~5000μm孔隙,減少5000μm孔隙。耕作結(jié)合有機(jī)質(zhì)還田降低土壤孔隙連續(xù)性,增加孔隙連通性,使孔隙彎曲度減小,孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單化。(4)結(jié)合不同分辨率CT掃描和圖像分析技術(shù)對(duì)不同尺度土壤孔隙的評(píng)價(jià),可以作為一種方法來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)土壤大孔隙系統(tǒng)。環(huán)刀原狀土孔隙比團(tuán)聚體孔隙通道更長(zhǎng),體積更大;而團(tuán)聚體孔隙通道比環(huán)刀原狀土孔隙通道要彎曲,形態(tài)復(fù)雜。耕作條件下有機(jī)質(zhì)增加均降低土壤孔隙連續(xù)性,增加原狀土孔隙連通性;耕作施肥措施增加團(tuán)聚體孔隙連通性。
[Abstract]:Soil structure controls soil moisture, nutrient storage and transport and gas diffusion, and regulates soil microbial activity. Therefore, soil ecological services are determined. Agricultural recovery measures affect soil fertility by regulating soil structure, but the related knowledge mainly comes from the study of mature soil, and agricultural restorer at the primary stage of soil formation. This study assumes that cultivation measures and organic matter return to soil can accelerate the initial soil forming process and the formation of soil structure, resulting in different soil pore structure properties. The 8 year black soil parent material process established by the Helen agricultural ecological experiment station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences was used. Simulation test, using CT technology, supplemented by BET nitrogen adsorption method and pressure membrane meter method to quantify pore structure properties, this study will be from: 1) soil organic matter and aggregate stability; 2) pore distribution change; 3) the difference of different pore quantitative methods; three aspects of different agricultural recovery measures to new soil structure properties change. Field treatment Including natural restoration of non tillage (NatF), planting herbage (Alfa) and the same tillage system combined with different fertilizers (F) and organic matter (C) soil treated with F0C0, F1C0, F1C1, F1C2, and 2 controls of parent material (PM) and mature black soil (MO). The main results were as follows: (1) after 8 years of field experiments, the soil physical and chemical properties, organic matter content, and mass content were treated in each experiment. The stability of polymer was improved, and the amount of cation exchange was reduced only by F1C1 and F1C2, and there was still a big gap or difference between the soil and the mature black soil. Compared with the non tillage treatment, the soil bulk density and aggregate stability were reduced by tillage, the straw mulching returned to the field, the soil organic matter content was increased, the total soil nitrogen content was reduced. Soil bulk density, increase the stability of aggregate. The stabilization mechanism of aggregate in the primary stage of the black soil is different from that of the mature black soil. The newly formed soil is mainly cemented with young organic matter in the early stage of soil formation, while the mature black soil is cemented with high humic degree of organic matter. (2) different agricultural recovery measures on soil aggregate adsorption hole The effect of the gap is mainly manifested in the soil surface area, total pore volume, 2~50 nm, 2 nm porosity, the increase of organic matter, the decrease of soil specific surface area and 2 nm porosity. The influence on the internal micromorphology of soil aggregates (3-5 mm) is mainly reflected in the porous and porous structure of the soil aggregates in each test place, and the three-dimensional pore structure is connected. The soil is closer to the black soil in two and three dimensional structures. The cultivation makes the small pores increase, the three-dimensional structure is more complex, the organic matter reduces the small pores, and the three-dimensional structure is simplified. The effects of the pore structure properties of the soil aggregates (3-5 mm) obtained by CT image analysis are mainly expressed in each of the pore structures. The total porosity of soil, the porosity of 30 mu m, the increase of pore number, the increase of porosity and porosity of 100 mu by tillage fertilization, the decrease of pore continuity and the simplification of pore structure. (3) the effects of different agricultural recovery measures on the pore structure of the original soil (50 mm diameter ring knife, the same below) are manifested in the water characteristics. The pores obtained by the line were compared with that of the non tillage treatment. The organic matter increased the pores of the original soil greater than 150 m and 0.2~1 m, and reduced the pores of 30~150 mu m and less than 0.2 mu m. Compared with the non tillage treatment and tillage without organic matter returning, the tillage reduced the pore of 30~150 mu m and increased the pore gap of 0.2-30 micron m. The comparison between the tillage treatment and the return of organic matter to the soil made the original soil 30~1 The pores of 50 mu m and the pore of 0.2~30 mu m decrease. The influence on the internal micromorphology of soil original soil is mainly reflected in the comparison with the non tillage soil, the loose soil in the original soil, the smaller soil mass, the increase of the secondary aggregates, the decrease of the macropores, the increase of the secondary pores and the distribution of the secondary pores. The effects on the properties of the pore structure of the original soil obtained by the CT image analysis are mainly manifested in the application of chemical fertilizer to soil consolidation under the same tillage system, the formation of large fissure (5000 mu m), the reduction of the secondary macropores (500~5000 mu m), the total porosity of the organic matter, the porosity of 500~5000 micron m, the porosity of 5000 mu m, and the combination of organic matter and organic matter. Reducing soil pore continuity, increasing pore connectivity, reducing pore curvature and simplifying pore structure. (4) evaluation of soil pores in different scales with different resolution CT scanning and image analysis techniques can be used as a method to evaluate the soil macropore system. The pore passage of the aggregate is more complicated than the pore channel of the loop knife original soil. The increase of organic matter in the condition of cultivation reduces the continuity of the soil pore and increases the porosity connectivity of the original soil, and the cultivation and fertilization measures increase the pore connectivity of the aggregate.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S152

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