本文選題：秸稈還田 + 減量施肥�。� 參考：《西南大學》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)作物秸稈是世界上數(shù)量最多的一種農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)副產(chǎn)品。我國秸稈資源巨大,近幾年作物秸稈的生產(chǎn)量均在7億t以上,但對于秸稈的綜合利用還沒有形成完整有效的政策機制,作物秸稈的利用效率依舊較低。此外,秸稈直接焚燒既造成資源浪費,也造成環(huán)境污染。農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中化肥的過量施入,既造成士壤地力下降,也對地下水及江河湖泊造成污染,是農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染的重要來源。作物秸稈含有大量N、P、K等營養(yǎng)元素、微量元素、豐富的有機質(zhì),是一種低廉的有機物料。秸稈還田能夠把作物吸收的大部分營養(yǎng)元素歸還到土壤,同時秸稈還田又能減少化肥的施用,達到改良土壤性狀等作用,是秸稈資源有效利用最直接、最有效的途徑,也是農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要途徑。本文通過2年的田間定位試驗,分別設(shè)置氮磷鉀全量施肥(NPK)、90%氮磷鉀施肥+秸稈還田(90%NPK+S)、80%氮磷鉀施肥+秸稈還田(80%NPK+S)、70%氮磷鉀施肥+秸稈還田(70%NPK+S)、50%氮磷鉀施肥+2倍秸稈還田(50%NPK+SS)共5個處理,研究了秸稈還田配合減量施肥對土壤物化性狀、生物學性狀、土壤養(yǎng)分狀況以及作物產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素、生長性狀、品質(zhì)等的影響,旨在為廢棄秸稈資源化利用提供科學依據(jù),主要研究結(jié)果如下1、稻-蔬輪作條件下連續(xù)秸稈覆蓋還田配合減量施肥對士壤理化性質(zhì)有較大的影響。與只施化肥處理相比,收獲三季后,秸稈還田處理的士壤容重降低0.020～0.11 g·cm-3；pH值提高0.060-0.55；有機質(zhì)提高2.55～12.9g·kg-1;全氮含量提高0.0290～0.941kg·-1;全磷含量提高0.033～0.392 g·kg-1;全鉀含量提高-0.200～6.50g·kg-1;速效氮含量提高18.3～65.5 mg·kg-1;速效磷含量提高0.200-13.7mg·kg-1;速效鉀含量提高4.20～61.5 mg·kg-1。由此可知,與全量施入氮磷鉀處理相比,秸稈還田配合減量施肥可以降低耕層土壤的容重,改善耕層士壤容重；有效提高耕層土壤pH值,使之接近中性；同時,還可以提高耕層土壤有機質(zhì)、全量氮磷鉀含量、速效氮磷鉀含量。其中,70%-80%NPK+全量秸稈還田對土壤理化性質(zhì)的改良效果最顯著。2、稻-蔬輪作條件下連續(xù)秸稈覆蓋還田配合減量施肥對土壤生物學性狀影響較大。秸稈還田后,土壤轉(zhuǎn)化酶、蛋白粉、過氧化氫酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均有顯著的提高,高于只施化肥的NPK處理。與只施化肥處理相比,水稻(2013)、兒菜(2013)、水稻(2014)收獲季后,秸稈還田處理的土壤轉(zhuǎn)化酶活性提高11.5%、11.0%、5.8%；蛋白酶活性提高19.3%、29.3%、23.8%；過氧化氫酶活性提高9.1%、6.4%、0.6%：脲酶活性提高15.6%、45.9%、48.4%；酸性磷酸酶活性提高50.8%、40.3%、6.6%。其中,70%～80%NPK+全量秸稈還田對于土壤酶活性的提升效果最顯著。此外,通過分析土壤養(yǎng)分與土壤酶活性的相關(guān)關(guān)系還發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤有機質(zhì)、pH、全量養(yǎng)分和速效養(yǎng)分均對脲酶、過氧化氫酶、轉(zhuǎn)化酶、酸性磷酸酶和蛋白酶活性的相關(guān)性均達到極顯著正相關(guān),土壤容重與各種酶活性的相關(guān)性達到極顯著負相關(guān),說明較好的土壤理化性質(zhì)對改善土壤酶活性有著積極地促進作用。3、稻-蔬輪作條件下連續(xù)秸稈覆蓋還田配合減量施肥對作物產(chǎn)量、經(jīng)濟效益等也有較大影響。秸稈覆蓋還田配合減量施肥,可以提高水稻產(chǎn)量,增產(chǎn)3.03%～17.89%。其中以90%NPK+全量秸稈還田和50%NPK+兩倍秸稈還田處理增產(chǎn)效果最好,分別增產(chǎn)17.06%和16.31%。通過水稻產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素相關(guān)性分析得到,對水稻產(chǎn)量起主要作用的是水稻的有效穗數(shù)和結(jié)實率(r=0.811**、0.514**),秸稈還田以增加水稻的有效穗數(shù)和結(jié)實率來提高產(chǎn)量。同時,秸稈還田配合減量施肥可以使兒菜增產(chǎn)12.18%～36.36%,增加氨基酸總量、維生素C含量、還原糖含量,一定程度上降低NO3-N含量,對于兒菜品質(zhì)的提高有積極作用。此外,秸稈還田配合減量施肥可以增加水稻和兒菜的產(chǎn)值及產(chǎn)投比,有效提高水稻和兒菜的經(jīng)濟效益。從水稻和兒菜產(chǎn)量及經(jīng)濟效益綜合來看,50%NPK+兩倍秸稈還田處理平均產(chǎn)投比最高,達到21.6、11.6,是最經(jīng)濟實惠的施肥策略。4、稻-蔬輪作條件下連續(xù)秸稈覆蓋還田配合減量施肥對水稻品質(zhì)、氮磷鉀吸收量等有較大影響。水稻不同器官中的氮、磷含量表現(xiàn)為籽粒秸稈,鉀含量表現(xiàn)為秸稈籽粒。通過相關(guān)性分析發(fā)現(xiàn),秸稈還田配合減量施肥與植株氮含量呈負相關(guān)關(guān)系(r=-0.298、-0.228),與其余各項指標均呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。說明秸稈還田配合減量施肥可以提高水稻植株磷鉀含量,降低植株氮含量。而水稻產(chǎn)量與植株氮磷鉀含量均呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系,說明植株氮磷鉀含量可能影響水稻產(chǎn)量的變化。對作物氮磷鉀吸收量的相關(guān)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)秸稈還田配合減量施肥與作物吸氮量呈負相關(guān)關(guān)系(r=-0.244),與作物吸磷鉀量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系(r=0.629、0.567),說明秸稈還田配合減量施肥可以增加作物磷鉀吸收量,減少作物氮素吸收量。此外,植株氮磷鉀含量及吸收量之間也存在一定的相互作用。綜上研究結(jié)果得到,70～80%NPK+全量秸稈還田(水稻季施入尿素170.8～195.0kg·hm-2、過磷酸鈣189.2～215.8kg·hm-2、氯化鉀60.8～69.2kg·hm-2、秸稈7500kg·hm-2,兒菜季施入尿素383.6～ 428.4 kg·hm-2、過磷酸鈣266.9～305.1 kg·hm-2、氯化鉀136.3～155.7 kg·hm-2、秸稈7500kg·hm-2)是該地區(qū)稻-蔬輪作模式的最優(yōu)施肥方式。秸稈還田是水旱輪作條件下提高土壤肥力和增加作物產(chǎn)量的重要途徑。
[Abstract]:Crop straw is one of the most important agricultural by-products in the world. The straw resource in China is huge. The production of crop straw is more than 700 million T in recent years. However, the comprehensive utilization of straw has not formed a complete and effective policy mechanism. The utilization efficiency of crop straw is lower than that of the old. In addition, the direct incineration of straw not only causes resources. The excessive application of chemical fertilizer in agricultural production can not only cause the decline of soil fertility, but also cause pollution to the groundwater and rivers and lakes. It is an important source of agricultural non-point source pollution. The crop straw contains a large amount of nutrient elements such as N, P, K, trace elements and rich organic matter. It is a kind of low organic material. Straw return can be returned to the field. Enough nutrient elements absorbed by the crop are returned to the soil, while straw returning can also reduce the application of chemical fertilizer and improve soil properties. It is the most direct and effective way for the effective utilization of straw resources. It is also an important way for the sustainable development of agriculture. In this paper, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are set up by 2 year field positioning test. Fertilization (NPK), 90% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer + straw returning (90%NPK+S), 80% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization + straw returning (80%NPK+S), 70% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization + straw returning (70%NPK+S), 50% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and +2 times straw returning (50%NPK+SS) were 5 treatments. The soil physical and chemical properties, biological characters and soil nutrient status were studied. The effects of crop yield and its components, growth traits, quality and so on in order to provide scientific basis for the utilization of waste straw resource. The main results are as follows. The main results are as follows: 1, under the condition of rice and vegetable rotation, continuous straw mulching and reducing fertilization have a great influence on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Compared with the only fertilizer treatment, the straw is harvested after three seasons. The soil bulk density decreased by 0.020 to 0.11 G. Cm-3, pH value increased by 0.060-0.55, the organic matter increased by 2.55 to 12.9g. Kg-1, the total nitrogen content increased by 0.0290 to 0.941kg. -1, the total phosphorus content increased by 0.033 to 0.392 g kg-1; the content of total potassium increased -0.200 to 6.50g. .200-13.7mg. Kg-1; the content of available K increased by 4.20 ~ 61.5 mg. Kg-1., as a result, compared with the total amount of N, P and K treatment, straw returning and reducing fertilizer could reduce the bulk density of soil in the plough layer, improve the soil bulk density of the plough layer, improve the soil pH value of the plough layer and make it close to neutral; meanwhile, the organic matter in the plough soil can be improved, and the whole soil organic matter can be improved. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the content of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Among them, the improvement effect of 70%-80%NPK+ full straw returning to soil physical and chemical properties was most significant.2, under the condition of rice and vegetable rotation, continuous straw mulching and reducing fertilizer had great influence on soil biological characters. After returning to the field, soil soil invertase, protein powder, catalase, urease and acidity were found. The activity of phosphatase was significantly higher than that of NPK treated with chemical fertilizer only. Compared with only fertilizer treatment, the activity of soil invertase was increased by 11.5%, 11%, 5.8% after rice (2013), 2013, and rice (2014), and the activity of protease increased by 19.3%, 29.3%, 23.8%, and the activity of catalase increased 9.1%, 6.4%, 0.6%: Urease activity increased by 15.6%, 45.9%, 48.4%, acid phosphatase activity increased by 50.8%, 40.3%, 6.6%., and 70% ~ 80%NPK+ total straw returning to soil enzyme activity was the most significant. In addition, the relationship between soil nutrients and soil enzyme activity was also found, soil organic matter, pH, total nutrient and available nutrients were urease, The correlation of catalase, invertase, acid phosphatase and protease activity reached very significant positive correlation. The correlation between soil bulk density and the activity of various enzymes reached a very significant negative correlation, indicating that better soil physical and chemical properties had a positive effect on improving soil enzyme activity with.3 and continuous straw mulching under rice and vegetable rotation. The effect of reducing fertilization on crop yield and economic benefit also have great influence. Straw mulching and reducing fertilizer can increase rice yield and increase yield by 3.03% ~ 17.89%., with the best yield of 90%NPK+ full straw returning and two times 50%NPK+ straw returning to the field, and increase yield 17.06% and 16.31%. through rice yield components respectively. The results showed that the effective spike number and seed setting rate (r=0.811**, 0.514**) were the main effects on rice yield. The straw returned to the field to increase the number of effective panicles and seed setting rate to increase the yield. At the same time, the yield increased by 12.18% to 36.36%, the total amount of amino acids, the content of vitamin C, and the reduction of vitamin A was reduced. The content of sugar, to a certain extent, reduced the content of NO3-N, has a positive effect on the improvement of the quality of Chinese cabbage. In addition, straw returning and reducing fertilization can increase the output value and yield ratio of rice and cabbage, and effectively improve the economic benefits of rice and cabbage. From the comprehensive view of rice and vegetable yield and economic benefits, two times the 50%NPK+ straw is returned to the field. The average output ratio is the highest, reaching 21.6,11.6, which is the most economical and economical fertilization strategy.4. Under the condition of rice and vegetable rotation, continuous straw mulching and reducing fertilization have a great influence on the quality of rice and the absorption of N, P and K. The nitrogen and phosphorus content in different organs of rice is shown as grain straw and potassium content is shown as straw kernel. It was found that there was a negative correlation between straw returning and reduced fertilizer and the nitrogen content of plant (r=-0.298, -0.228), and there was a positive correlation with the other indexes. The content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium may affect the change of rice yield. The correlation analysis of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of crops showed that straw returning and reducing fertilizer had a negative correlation with crop nitrogen uptake (r=-0.244), and there was a positive correlation with crop phosphorus uptake (r=0.629,0.567), indicating that straw returning with reduced fertilizer could increase crop phosphorus and potassium absorption. In addition, there was a certain interaction between the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of the plant. In addition, the results obtained from 70 to 80%NPK+ total straw returned to the field (170.8 ~ 195.0kg / hm-2 of urea in rice season, 189.2 ~ 215.8kg hm-2 of superphosphate, 60.8 ~ 69.2kg hm-2 of potassium chloride, 7500kg. Hm-2 of straw. Urea 383.6 ~ 428.4 kg / hm-2, calcium superphosphate 266.9 ~ 305.1 kg hm-2, potassium chloride 136.3 ~ 155.7 kg hm-2, straw 7500kg. Hm-2) is the best fertilization mode of rice and vegetable rotation in this area. Straw returning is an important way to improve soil fertility and increase crop yield under the condition of water and drought rotation.

【學位授予單位】：西南大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S141.4;S143

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