本文選題：黃土高原丘陵溝壑區(qū) + 山地蘋果園　； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：本研究以陜北米脂山地紅富士蘋果園為研究對(duì)象,圍繞蒸散過程,在定點(diǎn)監(jiān)測(cè)的基礎(chǔ)上,分析山地蘋果園土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)、冠層截留特征、樹干液流及其與氣象因子的相關(guān)性,科學(xué)分析和研究蘋果樹蒸散耗水與需水規(guī)律,明確水分利用特征,為該地區(qū)蘋果生產(chǎn)提供與降水條件相適應(yīng)的水分管理依據(jù),為蘋果園地旱作技術(shù)發(fā)展、緩解土壤干化提供重要的科學(xué)依據(jù),也對(duì)解決蘋果生長(zhǎng)所需的水分供需矛盾提供一定的指導(dǎo)意義與理論價(jià)值,使山地蘋果產(chǎn)業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展。主要研究結(jié)論如下:陜北山地蘋果園時(shí)段干旱嚴(yán)重,春季土壤干旱程度取決于上年入冬前土壤貯水量高低;20、40、60 cm土層深處的水分表現(xiàn)為與降雨變化較一致的季節(jié)變化特征,但降雨對(duì)土壤水分的影響隨土層加深減弱;蘋果樹生長(zhǎng)季100 cm深處土壤含水量呈緩慢下降趨勢(shì),只有很大的連續(xù)降雨能使該層含水量提高;土壤剖面中200 cm以下土層土壤含水量保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,降水很難入滲補(bǔ)充到200 cm土層。6年生山地蘋果園土壤已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)干化現(xiàn)象,且在90~300 cm存在明顯的低濕層,土壤體積含水量常年處在12%以下。蘋果樹單株尺度范圍內(nèi),土壤含水量表現(xiàn)為隨著距樹干距離的增加單調(diào)遞增的趨勢(shì),且沿行向距樹干不同距離位點(diǎn)的土壤含水量顯著高于沿株向距樹干等距離位點(diǎn)的含水量。采用地面覆蓋措施,可以有效減少土壤水分蒸發(fā),保持水土,增強(qiáng)蓄水保墑能力,提高果園土壤含水量,緩解生長(zhǎng)季果樹的水分供需矛盾。在0~60 cm土層,秸稈覆蓋、起壟覆膜壟溝集雨和有機(jī)肥覆蓋措施的土壤儲(chǔ)水量分別比對(duì)照提高14.7%~16.9%、21.2%~22.5%和17.9%~20.9%;60~200 cm土層,秸稈覆蓋、起壟覆膜壟溝集雨和有機(jī)肥覆蓋措施的土壤儲(chǔ)水量分別比對(duì)照提高8.9%~9.3%、13.6%~15.4%和10.3%~12.3%,建議陜北黃土峁?fàn)钋鹆陞^(qū)山地雨養(yǎng)蘋果園采用起壟覆膜壟溝集雨的旱作措施。林冠對(duì)果園降水再分配過程具有重要影響。降雨再分配過程中,穿透雨量最大,冠層截留量次之,樹干莖流量最小,分別占總降水量的72.1%、24.4%、3.5%。不同降雨量級(jí)對(duì)林冠的降雨再分配有明顯影響,隨著降雨量級(jí)的增大,林內(nèi)穿透雨量、穿透率、林冠截留量、樹干莖流量均增大,但冠層截留率降低;在同一降雨量級(jí)中,蘋果不同發(fā)育時(shí)期對(duì)降雨再分配作用的變化也有明顯影響,穿透雨率隨時(shí)間先降低再升高,冠層截留率隨時(shí)間先升高再降低,在整個(gè)生長(zhǎng)季內(nèi),穿透雨率與冠層截留率呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。蒸騰速率的變化可以用蘋果樹干液流速率變化來表示。液流速率在晴天表現(xiàn)為單峰曲線,呈“幾”字形分布,夜間保持在趨近于0的水平,在10:00-14:00達(dá)到峰值;陰雨天表現(xiàn)出明顯的晝夜變化特征,但其日變化不規(guī)律,為較低水平的多峰曲線,峰值的出現(xiàn)時(shí)間不確定。太陽(yáng)輻射、溫度、風(fēng)速、相對(duì)濕度和土壤含水量是影響果樹液流速率的重要因子。在生育期內(nèi),蘋果樹的液流速率與太陽(yáng)輻射、溫度、風(fēng)速、土壤含水量呈正相關(guān),與相對(duì)濕度呈負(fù)相關(guān)。蘋果生育期內(nèi)蒸散量變化表現(xiàn)為先增大后減小的特征,蒸散貢獻(xiàn)量由小到大依次為冠層截留,果樹蒸騰和棵間土壤蒸發(fā),且土壤蒸發(fā)量及果樹蒸騰量在生育期內(nèi)均出現(xiàn)先增大后減小的特征。試驗(yàn)果園不同發(fā)育時(shí)期的作物系數(shù)分別為萌芽、開花期0.26、新梢生長(zhǎng)和幼果發(fā)育期0.35以及果實(shí)膨大期0.47。果園水量收支不平衡,大氣降雨不能夠滿足果園的需水量。
[Abstract]:This study took the red Fuji apple orchard in the northern Shanxi mountain area as the research object. On the basis of the transpiration process, the soil moisture dynamics, canopy interception characteristics, the correlation between the stem liquid flow and the meteorological factors were analyzed on the basis of fixed monitoring, and the water consumption and water requirement of the apple tree were analyzed and studied, and the water use characteristics were clearly defined. It provides a basis for water management adapted to the conditions of precipitation in this area. It provides an important scientific basis for the development of dry farming technology in apple orchard and alleviating the dry soil. It also provides a certain guiding and theoretical value for solving the water supply and demand contradiction needed by apple growth, so that the ecological and economic sustainable health of the mountain apple industry is realized. The main conclusions are as follows: the drought in the apple orchard in the mountain area of Northern Shaanxi is severe, and the degree of soil drought in spring depends on the soil water storage before winter. The water performance in the depth of the 20,40,60 cm soil layer is the seasonal variation that is consistent with the change of rainfall, but the influence of rainfall on soil moisture is weakened with the soil layer; In the long season, the soil moisture content of the soil is slowly decreasing in 100 cm, and the water content of the layer can be increased only by the large continuous rainfall. The soil moisture in the soil layer below 200 cm in the soil section is relatively stable, and the precipitation is difficult to add to the 200 cm soil layer and the soil of the.6 year mountain apple orchard has been dry, and there is a obvious existence in 90~300 cm. In the low humid layer, the volume of soil water content is under 12%. The soil water content in the single plant of the apple tree is increasing monotonically with the increase of distance from the tree trunk, and the soil water content along the distance to the tree trunk is significantly higher than the water content along the distance to the tree trunk. The soil water evaporation, soil water conservation, water conservation, water conservation, water content of orchard soil and the water supply and demand in the growing Ji Guoshu soil can be effectively reduced, and the water supply and demand in the growing Ji Guoshu cm soil layer, straw mulching, ridge furrow furrow collecting and organic manure cover are improved by 14.7%~16.9%, 21.2%~22.5% and 17.9%~, respectively. 20.9%, the soil water storage of 60~200 cm soil layer, straw mulching, ridge furrow furrow collecting and organic manure covering measures increased 8.9%~9.3%, 13.6%~15.4% and 10.3%~12.3% respectively. It is suggested that the rain raising in the hilly hilly hilly area of Northern Shaanxi uses ridge furrow furrow collecting and rain collecting measures. It has important influence. In the process of rainfall redistribution, the penetration of rainfall is the most, the canopy interception is the second, the stem stem flow is minimum, which accounts for 72.1%, 24.4% of the total precipitation, and the different rainfall magnitude of 3.5%. has obvious influence on the rainfall redistribution of the canopy. With the increase of rainfall, the penetration of rain, penetration, canopy interception and stem flow are all Increase, but the canopy interception rate decreased; in the same rainfall magnitude, the different development period of Apple also had a significant influence on the change of rainfall redistribution. The penetration rate was first reduced and then increased with time. The canopy interception rate increased first and then decreased. In the whole growing season, the transpiration rate was negatively correlated with the canopy interception rate. The change can be expressed as the change of the flow rate of the apple tree sap flow. The liquid flow rate shows a single peak curve in a sunny day, showing a "few" shape distribution, keeping at the level of near to 0 at night, reaching the peak in 10:00-14:00, and showing obvious diurnal changes in the cloudy and rainy days, but its daily variation is irregular, which is a lower horizontal multi peak curve and peak value. The time is uncertain. Solar radiation, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and soil water content are important factors affecting the liquid flow rate of fruit trees. In the growth period, the liquid flow rate of the apple tree is positively correlated with the solar radiation, temperature, wind speed, soil moisture content and relative humidity. The change of the evapotranspiration in the growth period of apple is first increased. After decreasing, the contribution of evapotranspiration from small to large was canopy interception, fruit tree transpiration and soil evaporation, and soil evaporation and fruit tree transpiration were first increased and then decreased in the growth period. The crop coefficient of the experimental orchard at different developmental stages was respectively germination, flowering period 0.26, new shoot growth and young fruit development period 0.35. And the water balance of 0.47. orchard during fruit enlargement is not balanced. Atmospheric rainfall can not meet the water requirement of orchard.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S661.1;S152.7

【相似文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 丁雪華,史海濱,孔東;兩種土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)預(yù)測(cè)數(shù)值方法的應(yīng)用[J];內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版);2000年02期

2 胡安焱,惠瀟;干旱區(qū)灌溉條件下土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)類型及其應(yīng)用—以新疆昌吉地下水均衡場(chǎng)為例[J];地下水;2001年02期

3 羅長(zhǎng)壽,魏朝富,李瑞雪;時(shí)序模型在四川盆地土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)預(yù)報(bào)中的應(yīng)用[J];西南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);2002年05期

4 劉海昆,黃樹祥,王慧;論凍土對(duì)土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)的影響[J];黑龍江水利科技;2002年03期

5 紀(jì)瑞鵬,張玉書,陳鵬獅,班顯秀;農(nóng)田土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)估算模式的研究[J];干旱區(qū)資源與環(huán)境;2004年01期

6 蔣太明;降水入滲與土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)模型研究進(jìn)展[J];貴州農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué);2005年S1期

7 王健;吳發(fā)啟;;黃土高原丘陵溝壑區(qū)果園土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)[J];節(jié)水灌溉;2007年03期

8 王彥平;李銀枝;孟軍;宋衛(wèi)士;趙慧穎;敖麗良;;呼倫貝爾市植物生長(zhǎng)季土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)模擬研究[J];中國(guó)農(nóng)學(xué)通報(bào);2009年20期

9 鄧建強(qiáng);陳效民;王伯仁;黃晶;杜臻杰;張勇;;基于最小二乘向量機(jī)土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)模擬與分析[J];水土保持通報(bào);2009年06期

10 馬國(guó)飛;張曉煜;張磊;曹寧;張學(xué)藝;;寧夏壓砂地土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)及消耗規(guī)律分析[J];寧夏農(nóng)林科技;2011年01期

相關(guān)會(huì)議論文 前4條

1 侯瓊;;內(nèi)蒙古雨養(yǎng)農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)模式[A];面向21世紀(jì)的科技進(jìn)步與社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展（上冊(cè)）[C];1999年

2 王曉燕;郝振純;王加虎;李麗;;濕潤(rùn)地區(qū)坡地土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)分析[A];農(nóng)業(yè)、生態(tài)水安全及寒區(qū)水科學(xué)——第八屆中國(guó)水論壇摘要集[C];2010年

3 楊澤龍;巴彥;侯瓊;畢力格圖;陳杰;白利云;郭文杰;;免耕種植中秸稈覆蓋量對(duì)土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)的影響[A];中國(guó)農(nóng)學(xué)會(huì)農(nóng)業(yè)氣象分會(huì)2006年學(xué)術(shù)年會(huì)論文集[C];2006年

4 李新樂;侯向陽(yáng);穆懷彬;;不同降水年型灌溉模式對(duì)苜蓿草產(chǎn)量及土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)的影響[A];第五屆中國(guó)苜蓿發(fā)展大會(huì)論文集[C];2013年

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前2條

1 黃仲冬;農(nóng)田土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)與灌溉需水量隨機(jī)模擬[D];中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院;2016年

2 葉冬梅;烏蘭布和沙漠土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)和白刺群落特征研究[D];內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2005年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前10條

1 梁香寒;毛烏素沙地土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)與降水再分配規(guī)律[D];北京林業(yè)大學(xué);2016年

2 龔曉萍;巖溶石山地區(qū)土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)及調(diào)蓄潛力分析[D];中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)(北京);2016年

3 胡洋洋;科爾沁沙地坨甸相間地區(qū)土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)試驗(yàn)與模擬[D];內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2009年

4 高峰;稻田土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)模擬研究[D];南京信息工程大學(xué);2008年

5 潘自力;定西高泉溝流域不同作物耕地土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)及水土保持效應(yīng)研究[D];西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué);2010年

6 王興鵬;寧夏河?xùn)|沙地過渡帶的土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)研究[D];寧夏大學(xué);2005年

7 孫宇光;振動(dòng)深松和坐水種對(duì)土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)及增產(chǎn)效果影響試驗(yàn)研究[D];東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2009年

8 袁吉有;桂西北典型峰叢洼地不同利用方式下的土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)研究[D];湖南農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2005年

9 高躍;基于HYDRUS模型的紅壤坡耕地水分動(dòng)態(tài)研究[D];華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2013年

10 蔣俊;南小河溝流域林地土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)特征及水量平衡研究[D];西安理工大學(xué);2008年

，

本文編號(hào)：1830260