本文選題：馬尾松人工林 + 林窗��； 參考：《四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：土壤動(dòng)物作為土壤生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中重要的組成部分,其群落組成和功能對(duì)土壤形成、物質(zhì)循環(huán)和能量流動(dòng)具有重大意義。馬尾松(Pinus massoniana)是長(zhǎng)江中上游地區(qū)主要的造林樹種,由于其耐干旱瘠薄,適應(yīng)能力強(qiáng),在該區(qū)域人工林構(gòu)成中占有很大比例,但結(jié)構(gòu)單一的馬尾松人工林存在生產(chǎn)力不高、生物多樣性低、地力衰退、病蟲害頻發(fā)等生態(tài)問(wèn)題,嚴(yán)重制約其生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)效益。通過(guò)人為砍伐形成林窗,對(duì)馬尾松人工林進(jìn)行改造是有效提升生態(tài)服務(wù)功能和實(shí)現(xiàn)人工林可持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)的重要途徑。本研究調(diào)查了長(zhǎng)江上游地區(qū)馬尾松人工林7種不同大小林窗內(nèi)(G1：100 m~2、G2：225m~2、G3：400 m~2、G4：625 m~2、G5：900 m~2、G6：1225 m~2、G7：1600 m~2)土壤動(dòng)物群落的區(qū)系組成、分布特征、多樣性和相似性特征以及功能類群等。大型土壤動(dòng)物采用手揀法,中小型干生、濕生土壤動(dòng)物分別采用Tullgren干漏斗和Baermann濕漏斗分離。結(jié)果表明：(1)2015年1月、4月、7月、10月共捕獲土壤動(dòng)物33859只,隸屬于6門14綱35目265類(附表1),其中,7種不同大小林窗中捕獲土壤動(dòng)物29502只,林下對(duì)照捕獲土壤動(dòng)物4357只。優(yōu)勢(shì)類群為線蟲綱,占捕獲總數(shù)的81.07%；常見類群包括線蚓科、懶甲螨群、等節(jié)跳科和若甲螨群4個(gè)類群,占捕獲總數(shù)的10.77%；稀有類群主要包括綏螨科、奧甲螨群、雙翅目(幼)和蟻科等260個(gè)類群,占捕獲總數(shù)的8.16%。(2)馬尾松人工林林窗土壤動(dòng)物的平均密度表現(xiàn)為隨著林窗面積的增大而降低,在G5(900m~2)林窗土壤動(dòng)物的平均密度顯著提高且達(dá)到最大,隨后在G5-G7(900-1600m~2)林窗間再次表現(xiàn)出隨林窗面積增大而降低的規(guī)律；土壤動(dòng)物的類群數(shù)表現(xiàn)為隨著林窗面積的增大而上升,在G5(900 m~2)林窗達(dá)到最大,隨后隨著林窗面積的增大,類群數(shù)逐步減少；土壤動(dòng)物的平均密度排序?yàn)镚5(6.41×105)G6(3.87×105)G1(1.77×105)G7(1.76×105)G2(1.69×105)G3(1.49×105)CK(1.21×105)G4(0.90×105),類群數(shù)排序?yàn)镚5(157)G2(138)G4(136)G3(135)G7(131)G6(130)G1(127)CK(121)；各林窗土壤動(dòng)物的平均密度總體表現(xiàn)為10月最高,1月最低,4月或7月次之,類群數(shù)總體表現(xiàn)為4月最多,1月最少,7月或10月次之的分布規(guī)律。(3)馬尾松人工林林窗內(nèi)大型土壤動(dòng)物的平均密度和類群數(shù)均表現(xiàn)出隨著林窗面積增大而逐步增高,在G4-G5(625-900m~2)林窗達(dá)到最大,隨后隨著林窗面積增大逐步減少；中小型土壤動(dòng)物的平均密度總體表現(xiàn)為大型林窗高于中小型林窗,最大值出現(xiàn)在G5-G6(900-1225m~2)林窗；中小型土壤動(dòng)物的類群數(shù)總體表現(xiàn)出與大型土壤動(dòng)物相似的分布規(guī)律,但最大值出現(xiàn)在G4-G6(625-1225 m~2)林窗。(4)馬尾松人工林各林窗土壤動(dòng)物群落垂直分布表聚性明顯,除1月部分林窗出現(xiàn)枯落物層類群數(shù)低于0-5 cm層的逆向分布現(xiàn)象外,其余林窗各季節(jié)從枯落物層依次往下,隨深度增加,土壤動(dòng)物的類群數(shù)均逐漸減小,但各季節(jié)各林窗枯落物層土壤動(dòng)物的平均密度均低于0-5 cm層。(5)馬尾松人工林不同大小林窗內(nèi),雜食性土壤動(dòng)物密度所占的比例最高,均占捕獲總密度的60%以上,其次依次為腐食性植食性菌食性捕食性枯食性糞食性,其中大型林窗內(nèi)雜食性土壤動(dòng)物的密度明顯高于中小型林窗。各林窗內(nèi)土壤動(dòng)物類群以腐食性、捕食性、雜食性和植食性為主,其中腐食性土壤動(dòng)物類群數(shù)所占的比例最高,均占各林窗捕獲總類群數(shù)的30%以上；各林窗腐食性和捕食性土壤動(dòng)物表現(xiàn)出隨著林窗面積增大,類群數(shù)所占比例逐步降低的趨勢(shì)。隨著時(shí)間推移,各林窗內(nèi)雜食性土壤動(dòng)物密度所占比例有所提高,而其他食性土壤動(dòng)物的變化均不顯著。(6)林窗的形成降低了小型和大型林窗內(nèi)土壤動(dòng)物的多樣性指數(shù)和均勻度指數(shù),但對(duì)中型林窗土壤動(dòng)物的多樣性指數(shù)和均勻度指數(shù)影響較小。馬尾松人工林不同大小林窗內(nèi)土壤動(dòng)物的多樣性指數(shù)和均勻度指數(shù)分布規(guī)律基本一致,在G1-G4(100-625m~2)間均表現(xiàn)出隨林窗面積增大土壤動(dòng)物的多樣性和均勻度增大,在G4(625 m~2)林窗達(dá)到最大,在G5(900m~2)林窗顯著降低,隨后G5-G7(900-1600m~2)間再次表現(xiàn)為隨林窗面積的增大而增大的規(guī)律,優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)的變化規(guī)律則與二者相反；土壤動(dòng)物的豐富度指數(shù)表現(xiàn)相對(duì)平穩(wěn),總體呈現(xiàn)出林窗面積越大其土壤動(dòng)物豐富度指數(shù)越高的特征。(7)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),林窗面積對(duì)土壤動(dòng)物的群落結(jié)構(gòu)和多樣性特征(除香農(nóng)多樣性指數(shù)外)影響極顯著(P0.01),而季節(jié)變化與林窗面積的交互作用除對(duì)土壤動(dòng)物的類群數(shù)和豐富度指數(shù)作用不顯著外(P0.05),其余均造成極顯著影響(P0.01)。相關(guān)性分析顯示：林窗面積與土壤動(dòng)物的群落組成和密度—類群指數(shù)表現(xiàn)出極顯著正相關(guān)性(P0.01),與優(yōu)勢(shì)度指數(shù)、豐富度指數(shù)存在顯著正相關(guān)性(P0.05),而與均勻度指數(shù)存在極顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(P0.01),與多樣性指數(shù)存在顯著負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(P0.05)。本研究表明,在馬尾松人工林撫育初期,中等大小的林窗面積(625-900m~2)內(nèi)土壤動(dòng)物的類群和個(gè)體豐富度最高且顯著高于林下,故在馬尾松人工林的改造和管理過(guò)程中可以通過(guò)營(yíng)造中型林窗來(lái)增加土壤動(dòng)物的豐富度,從而維持馬尾松人工林地下生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的多樣性和穩(wěn)定性。
[Abstract]:Soil animal is an important component of soil ecosystem, and its community composition and function are of great significance to soil formation, material circulation and energy flow. Pinus massoniana is the main afforestation tree in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Because of its drought tolerance and adaptability, it is occupied in the area of artificial forest in this region. There is a large proportion, but there are many ecological problems, such as low productivity, low biological diversity, depression, frequent pests and other ecological problems, which seriously restrict the ecological, economic and social benefits. By artificially cutting down the forest window, the modification of the Pinus massoniana plantation is an effective improvement of the ecological service function and the realization of artificial forest. This study investigated the floristic composition, distribution, diversity, similarity and functional groups of the 7 different size forest windows (G1:100 m~2, G2:225m~2, G3:400 m~2, G4:625 m~2, G5:900 m~2, G6:1225 m~2, G7:1600) in the Pinus massoniana Plantation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The soil animals were separated by the Tullgren dry funnel and the Baermann wet funnel respectively. The results showed that: (1) 33859 soil animals were captured in January 2015, April, July, and October, belonging to 6 doors, 14 classes, 35 orders, 265 categories (Table 1), of which 29502 of the soil animals were captured in 7 different sizes of forest windows and under forest. The dominant groups of 4357 soil animals are nematodes. The dominant group is nematode, accounting for 81.07% of the total. The common groups include the line vermis, the lazari mite group, the same group of 4 groups, accounting for 10.77% of the total number of the total. The rare groups mainly include the suiveridide, the methoclite group, the Diptera (young) and the formicide, which account for 8.16% of the total number of captures. (2) the average density of soil animals in the forest window of Pinus massoniana Plantation decreased with the increase of the area of the forest window. The average density of the soil animals in the G5 (900m~2) forest window increased significantly and reached the maximum, and then the law of decreasing with the increase of forest window surface accumulated between the windows of the G5-G7 (900-1600m~2) forest; the group number of soil animals showed. As the area of the forest window increased, the maximum of the G5 (900 m~2) forest window was reached, and the number of groups gradually decreased with the increase of the area of the forest window. The average density of the soil animals was G5 (6.41 * 105) G6 (3.87 * 105) G1 (1.77 * 105) G7 (1.76 x 105) G2 (1.69 * 105) G3 (1.49 * 105) CK (1.49 * 105) G4 (1.69 * 105), and the group number was sorted as G5 G2. (138) G4 (136) G3 (135) G7 (131) G6 (130) G1 (127) CK (121); the average density of soil animals in each forest window was the highest in October, the lowest in January, the lowest in April or July, and the population in April was the most in April, at least in January and January. (3) the average density and group number of large soil animals in the Pinus massoniana Plantation window. The average density of the G4-G5 (625-900m~2) forest window increased gradually with the increase of the area of the forest window, and gradually decreased with the increase of the area of the forest window. The average density of the small and medium soil animals showed that the large forest window was higher than the medium and small forest windows, the maximum value appeared in the G5-G6 (900-1225m~2) forest window, and the number of the small and medium soil animals. The distribution pattern was similar to that of large soil animals, but the maximum value appeared in the G4-G6 (625-1225 m~2) window. (4) the vertical distribution of the vertical distribution of the soil animal community in the forest windows of Pinus massoniana plantation was obvious. In addition to the reverse distribution of the litter layer of the litter layer in the January part of the forest window, the rest of the other forest windows were from the dry and falling seasons. The number of soil animals decreased gradually with the increase of depth, but the average density of soil animals in the litter layer in each season was lower than 0-5 cm layer. (5) the proportion of the omnivorous soil animal density was the highest in the different size forest windows of Pinus massoniana plantation, which accounted for more than 60% of the total capture density, followed by decay in turn. Predatory, predatory, predatory, predatory, predatory fecal food, of which the density of omnivorous soil animals in large forest windows is significantly higher than that of small and medium-sized forest windows. The soil animal groups in the windows are mainly humorous, predatory, omnivorous and phytophagous, among which the proportion of the species of humic soil animals is the highest, which accounts for the total species of the forest windows. More than 30% of the number of herd and predatory soil animals showed a gradual decrease in the proportion of group numbers as the area of the forest window increased. As time went on, the proportion of the animal density in the omnivorous soil in each window increased, but the changes of other food soil animals were not significant. (6) the formation of the forest window decreased. The diversity index and evenness index of soil animals in small and large forest windows have little influence on the diversity index and evenness index of soil animals in medium window. The distribution of diversity index and evenness index of soil animals in different sizes of Pinus massoniana plantation is basically the same, and it is shown between G1-G4 (100-625m~2). With the increase of forest area, the diversity and evenness of soil animals increased, the window of G4 (625 m~2) reached the maximum, the window of G5 (900m~2) decreased significantly, and then G5-G7 (900-1600m~2) increased again with the increase of the area of the forest window. The variation rule of the dominance index was opposite to the two, and the richness index of soil animal was the index table. The larger the forest window area is, the higher the soil animal richness index is. (7) the study found that the forest window area has a very significant influence on the community structure and diversity of soil animals (except the Shannon diversity index) (P0.01), but the interaction of seasonal variation and forest window area is not only the group number of soil animals. And the effect of the richness index was not significant (P0.05), and the rest had very significant influence (P0.01). The correlation analysis showed that the area of forest window had a very significant positive correlation with the community composition and density index of soil animals (P0.01), and there was a significant positive correlation (P0.05) with the dominance index and the richness index (P0.05), but with the evenness index. There was a very significant negative correlation (P0.01) and a significant negative correlation with the diversity index (P0.05). This study showed that in the early tending of Pinus massoniana plantation, the abundance of soil animals in the middle size of the forest window area (625-900m~2) was the highest and significantly higher than that in the undergrowth. Therefore, the transformation and management of the Pinus massoniana Plantation In order to maintain the diversity and stability of the underground ecosystem of Masson pine plantations, it is possible to increase soil animal richness by creating medium-sized forest windows.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S714

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