本文選題：敦煌市 + 土壤物理性質(zhì)　； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：土壤資源是一種非常脆弱的不可再生資源,維系土壤資源的數(shù)量和土壤的質(zhì)量成為農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。敦煌地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境極為脆弱,土壤鹽漬化與荒漠化等退化現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重,因此開展土壤性質(zhì)的研究與土壤質(zhì)量的評價對于緩解生態(tài)脆弱、提高環(huán)境質(zhì)量、修復(fù)生態(tài)功能有著舉足輕重的作用。本研究通過實(shí)地調(diào)研與土壤采樣實(shí)測數(shù)據(jù),采用相關(guān)分析、模糊綜合評價等方法分析了敦煌土壤的粒度、含水量、鹽分、PH、有機(jī)質(zhì)、養(yǎng)分等理化性質(zhì)特征,并對土壤質(zhì)量進(jìn)行了評價,得到以下結(jié)論：(1)研究區(qū)理化性質(zhì)特征：土壤質(zhì)地方面,土壤顆粒組成主要是粗粉粒和細(xì)沙粒所占比例最大,且隨著土層深度的增加,有小幅度的波動變化。粘粒含量極低,介于中沙粒和粗砂粒含量之間。土壤含水量表層含量最低,隨著深度的增加含水量增大。敦煌土壤均屬于堿性土壤,PH均值范圍為7.76～8.16。研究區(qū)有機(jī)質(zhì)的含量隨著深度的增加由良好變?yōu)槿狈�。土壤養(yǎng)分縱向分布較為均一,土壤的全氮、有機(jī)質(zhì)和有效氮含量低,全磷和速效磷的含量中等,全鉀和有效鉀的含量較高�？傷}含量平均在7.7g/kg以上,各層土壤均為鹽化狀態(tài),其中表層和中層屬于鹽分的積累層。土壤剖面的總鹽含量與鹽分離子含量具有很強(qiáng)的變異性,且離子的含量都是在表層表現(xiàn)出一定表聚作用,隨著深度的增加呈現(xiàn)遞減規(guī)律。敦煌表層土壤鹽化情況較為嚴(yán)重,樣品中約71%的土壤有鹽漬化傾向和鹽土傾向,是非鹽漬化土的2.4倍之余。敦煌主要鹽漬化土壤類型為硫酸鹽鹽化土,其次為硫酸鹽-氯化物鹽化土和氯化物-硫酸鹽鹽化土。(2)敦煌土壤性質(zhì)相關(guān)分析特征：鹽分離子中Mg2+、K+、NO3-與SO42-與中粉粒顯著相關(guān),Na+、Mg2+與粗砂粒有顯著的相關(guān)性,其余鹽分離子與各個粒級相關(guān)性不密切�？傷}含量與黏粒、細(xì)粉粒、中粉粒呈顯著正相關(guān),而與粗粉粒、細(xì)沙粒、中沙粒和粗沙粒都呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)性。細(xì)顆粒對于鹽分具有吸附作用,而較粗的顆粒不利于鹽分的聚集。土壤總鹽與各可溶性鹽基離子、有機(jī)質(zhì)之間呈顯著正相關(guān),其中有機(jī)質(zhì)對Na+、Cl-的吸附性更明顯,而對NO3-的吸附作用較弱。有機(jī)質(zhì)與土壤含水量也具有顯著相關(guān)性。土壤養(yǎng)分與土壤性質(zhì)的關(guān)系：全鉀、有效鉀的含量與細(xì)粘粒、粗粘粒、細(xì)粉粒、中粉粒、粗粉粒這些較小粒徑的含量呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系,有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮含量只與粗沙粒的含量呈負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,與其他粒級含量相關(guān)性較弱。而全磷、有效氮、速效磷的含量與各粒級含量的關(guān)系都不密切。有機(jī)質(zhì)與除鉀之外的所有養(yǎng)分都呈顯著相關(guān)。(3)不同環(huán)境下理化特征分析：敦煌主要采樣地區(qū)中南泉濕地的土壤含水量最大,玉門關(guān)地區(qū)的最小,黨河下游綠洲區(qū)和陽關(guān)地區(qū)含水量居中,含水量隨深度變化不大,陽關(guān)地區(qū)的含水量小于黨河下游綠洲區(qū)。敦煌主要采樣地區(qū)中玉門關(guān)的鹽分最高,其次是南泉附近地區(qū)和綠洲區(qū),鹽分最低的是陽關(guān)采樣區(qū)。研究區(qū)不同植被群落土壤鹽分中,生長黑果枸杞的土壤整體鹽分最高,尤其是表層和上層,蘆葦?shù)耐寥篮}量也較高,紅柳和紅柳+駱駝刺伴生的土壤含鹽量均較小。研究區(qū)不同植被群落土壤養(yǎng)分中,紅柳駱駝刺伴生的土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量最多,黑果枸杞和紅柳也較高,枯死的梭梭地有機(jī)質(zhì)含量和全氮含量最少,各類型全鉀和有效鉀含量較高,且波動幅度較大。不同的土地利用類型對可溶性鹽離子Na+、K+、Cl-、SO42-以及總鹽均產(chǎn)生顯著影響。鹽分離子除Mg2+、NO3-之外其余離子與總鹽都受土壤深度的影響較小,Na+、Cl-、SO42-和總鹽的變化特征較為相似,由高到低排序都為荒地灌木林地農(nóng)田果園,而K’與其他鹽分離子不同,灌木林地含量高于荒地、農(nóng)田和果園。土地利用方式對養(yǎng)分的影響中,果園和農(nóng)田的全氮、全磷、全鉀、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量都比灌木林地的低,而物理性粘粒含量在農(nóng)田中最高,荒地的有機(jī)質(zhì)和物理性粘粒含量最少,農(nóng)田和果園的速效養(yǎng)分中有效鉀和有效氮的含量也比灌木林地低。荒地的全鉀和有效鉀都較高說明鉀元素的含量與土壤的成土母質(zhì)有關(guān)。(4)研究區(qū)土壤質(zhì)量評價：敦煌四個不同采樣區(qū)的土壤綜合質(zhì)量排序?yàn)槟先鼗途G洲陽關(guān)玉門關(guān),南泉地區(qū)土壤質(zhì)量較高,敦煌綠洲區(qū)和陽關(guān)采樣區(qū)土壤質(zhì)量雖屬于較高級別,但是由于人為活動的干擾導(dǎo)致質(zhì)量次于南泉地區(qū)；玉門關(guān)采樣區(qū)的土壤質(zhì)量屬于中等水平。不同植被群落土壤質(zhì)量得分結(jié)果為：紅柳+駱駝刺伴生紅柳駱駝刺黑果枸杞梭梭蘆葦枯死的梭梭,得分在0.54-0.86之間,土壤質(zhì)量基本屬于中等水平。不同土地利用類型對土壤質(zhì)量的影響結(jié)果為：灌木林地果園農(nóng)田荒地,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量少導(dǎo)致農(nóng)田和果園的土壤質(zhì)量都低于灌木林地,同時也說明耕作活動會降低土壤的肥力質(zhì)量,從而降低土壤質(zhì)量。荒地由于生物量缺乏導(dǎo)致養(yǎng)分匱乏、鹽分含量較高、土壤粒徑較粗導(dǎo)致養(yǎng)分水分流失,故土壤質(zhì)量最差。灌木林地和果園土壤的土壤都沒有退化,而農(nóng)田由于耕作有了輕微的退化,荒地的退化程度最嚴(yán)重。
[Abstract]:Soil resources are a very fragile non renewable resource. Maintaining the quantity of soil resources and the quality of soil has become the basis of sustainable agricultural development. The ecological environment in Dunhuang is extremely fragile, soil salinization and desertification are serious. Therefore, the study of soil properties and the evaluation of soil quality can be used to alleviate the ecology. This study has analyzed the characteristics of soil grain size, water content, salt, PH, PH, organic matter, nutrient and so on, and evaluated the soil quality by field investigation and soil sampling survey data, correlation analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The following conclusions are as follows: (1) the characteristics of physical and chemical properties of the study area: soil texture, soil particle composition is the largest proportion of coarse particles and fine sand grains, and with the increase of soil depth, there is a small amplitude fluctuation. The content of clay particles is very low, between the medium sand and coarse sand content. The soil moisture content is the lowest, with the depth of the soil, with the depth of the soil. The water content of Dunhuang soil is increased. The soil of Dunhuang belongs to alkaline soil. The content of organic matter in the range of 7.76 ~ 8.16. is from good to lack. The vertical distribution of soil nutrients is relatively uniform, the total nitrogen, organic matter and available nitrogen in the soil are low, the content of total phosphorus and available phosphorus is moderate, and all potassium and available potassium are available. The total salt content is above 7.7g/kg, and the soil of each layer is salinization. The surface and middle layer belong to the accumulation layer of salt. The total salt content of the soil section and the salt ion content have strong variability, and the content of the ions shows a certain aggregation effect on the surface. With the increase of the depth, it presents a decreasing rule. Law. The salinization of the surface soil in Dunhuang is more serious. About 71% of the soil samples are salinized and salinized, 2.4 times more than that of non salinized soil. The main salinized soil in Dunhuang is kraft salinized soil, followed by sulfate chloride salinized soil and chloride thiate salinized soil. (2) the characteristics of soil properties in Dunhuang Mg2+, K+, NO3- and SO42- have significant correlation with the medium particles in salt ions. Na+ and Mg2+ have a significant correlation with coarse sand particles. The other salt ions are not closely related to the grain size. The total salt content is significantly positively correlated with the clay particles, fine particles and medium particles, but is negatively correlated with the coarse particles, fine sand grains, medium sand grains and coarse sand grains. The grain has an adsorption effect on salt, and the coarser particles are not conducive to the accumulation of salt. There is a significant positive correlation between the total salt of the soil and the soluble salt base ions and the organic matter. The adsorption of organic matter to Na+ and Cl- is more obvious, but the adsorption of NO3- is weak. The relationship between soil properties: total potassium, the content of effective potassium and fine clay particles, coarse clay particles, fine powder, medium powder and coarse silt have a significant positive correlation. The content of organic matter and total nitrogen is only negatively correlated with the content of coarse sand, and the content of total phosphorus, available nitrogen and available phosphorus is very weak. The relationship between the grain level content is not close. The organic matter and all nutrients except for potassium removal are significantly related. (3) the analysis of physical and chemical characteristics under different environment: the soil moisture content of Zhongnan spring wetland in Dunhuang main sampling area is the largest, the smallest in Yumen Pass area, the water content in the oasis and Yang Guan area of the lower reaches of the party river is middle, and the water content varies with the depth. The water content of Yang Guan area is less than that in the oasis area of the lower reaches of the party river. The salt content of Yumen Pass is the highest in the main sampling areas in Dunhuang, followed by the South Spring and the oasis, the lowest salt is the Yang Guan sampling area. In the soil salt of the different vegetation communities, the soil overall salinity is highest, especially in the surface and upper layer. The soil salt content of the soil in the reed is also high. The soil salt content of the red willow and the red willow and camel spines is smaller. In the soil nutrients of the different vegetation communities in the study area, the soil organic matter content is the most, the black fruit and the wolfberry and the red willow are higher, the organic matter content and the total nitrogen content of the dead Haloxylon ammodendron are the least, and all types of potassium and available potassium are all types. The different types of land use have significant effects on soluble salt ions Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42- and total salt. The salt ions are less affected by the soil depth except Mg2+, NO3-, and the changes of Na+, Cl-, SO42- and total salt are similar, and all from high to low are the wasteland. Shrub woodland farmland orchard, while K 'is different from other salt ions, shrub forest land content is higher than wasteland, farmland and orchard. In the influence of land use way to nutrient, the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and organic matter content of orchard and farmland are lower than that of shrub, and the physical clay content is the highest in farmland, and the organic matter and physical property of wasteland The content of clay particles is the least, the content of available potassium and available nitrogen in the available nutrients in farmland and orchard is also lower than that of shrub land. The total potassium and effective potassium in the wasteland indicate that the content of potassium is related to the soil parent material. (4) the evaluation of soil quality in the study area: the comprehensive quality of soil quality in the four different sampling areas in Dunhuang is the South Spring of Dunhuang. The soil quality of the South Spring Area of the oasis Yang Guan Yumen Pass is high, although the soil quality of the Dunhuang oasis area and Yang Guan sampling area is higher, the quality of the soil in the Yumen Pass sampling area belongs to the middle level. The results of the soil quality score of the different vegetation communities are: the red willow + camel. The effect of different land use types on soil quality is that the soil quality of shrub woodland orchard is less than that of shrub land, and the soil quality of farmland and orchard is lower than that of shrub forestland. It also shows that farming activities can reduce the quality of soil fertility and thus reduce the quality of soil. The wasteland is poor because of lack of nutrients, high salinity and coarse soil size, resulting in the loss of nutrients, so the soil quality is the worst. The degradation of the wasteland is the most serious.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S153;S158

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