本文選題：黃土高原 + 土壤侵蝕��； 參考：《北京林業(yè)大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：為兼顧黃土高原土壤侵蝕控制和供水安全,需尋找節(jié)水、高效的侵蝕治理模式,需定量區(qū)分不同土地利用結(jié)構(gòu)對小域徑流和產(chǎn)沙的影響,尤其在小流域尺度,從而為指導流域綜合治理提供科技支持。為此,利用甘肅平?jīng)黾埛粶闲×饔?955-2003年的治理措施與年降水量、徑流深、產(chǎn)沙模數(shù)等監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)開展研究。將小流域治理進程劃分出1955-1964、1965-1976、1977-1985、1986-2003年4個治理年段,其中前3個年段以修建淤地壩和梯田等工程措施為主,在第4年段開始注重林草恢復。區(qū)分了人類活動和降水變化對年徑流變化的影響,分析了年降水-年徑流、年徑流-年產(chǎn)沙模數(shù)的關(guān)系及其變化,建立了年徑流系數(shù)和年產(chǎn)沙模數(shù)隨土地利用結(jié)構(gòu)變化的多元線性關(guān)系,定量評價了不同土地利用結(jié)構(gòu)對小流域年徑流深和年產(chǎn)沙模數(shù)的影響和其水土保持減沙生態(tài)用水效率。研究表明：在1955-2003年間,年降水雖無明顯變化,但年徑流卻顯著減少,從20世紀50年代的59.1 mm降到21世紀初的12.2 mm,降幅達72.4%。以1955-1964年段為基準期,估算了不同時期人類活動和降水變化對年徑流變化的貢獻,表明除干旱年段的降水對年徑流減少貢獻明顯外,其它年段的徑流變化主要是由人類活動引起的,且其絕對貢獻量呈逐漸增大趨勢。在1955-2003年,隨水土保持治理等人類活動加強,小流域年徑流深顯著減少,年產(chǎn)沙模數(shù)也明顯減少。與基準年段(1955-1964年)相比,小流域治理使年徑流量與年降水量的相關(guān)性逐漸降低,這可從降水產(chǎn)流能力和徑流攔蓄能力兩方面解釋。降水產(chǎn)流能力在第2、3年段因植被破壞而提高,在第4年段因植被恢復而大幅降低；因工程治理而增加的徑流攔蓄能力隨淤地壩建設(shè)和梯田的建設(shè)與功能退化經(jīng)歷了“增加-降低-消失”的變化。為排除年徑流量變化的干擾,按年段分析了產(chǎn)沙模數(shù)與年徑流深的關(guān)系。在前3個年段,產(chǎn)沙模數(shù)與年徑流深的相關(guān)性及單位徑流深的產(chǎn)沙量變化不大,表明工程治理雖減少徑流卻未明顯降低徑流的產(chǎn)沙能力；但第4年段的林草面積增加使徑流的產(chǎn)沙能力下降很大。擬合了小流域年徑流深隨年降水量和土地利用變化,以及年產(chǎn)沙模數(shù)隨年徑流深和土地利用變化的多元線性回歸方程,表明林地和梯壩地消減年徑流深,其中林地消減強度為梯壩地1.48倍；徑流主要來自草地與坡耕地和其他2個地類,其中草地徑流率是坡耕地和其它的1.8倍。林地和草地具降低產(chǎn)沙模數(shù)的作用,其中林地作用強度是草地2.5倍；產(chǎn)沙來自梯壩地與坡耕地和其它這2個地類,尤其梯壩地貢獻高出坡耕地和其它達一倍。將流域面積10%的坡耕地和其他地類轉(zhuǎn)為林地、草地、梯壩地后,年徑流變化分別為-9.6、+4.2、-8.1 mm,產(chǎn)沙模數(shù)變化分別為-6367.0、-2532.4、+300.5t/km2/a。植被措施的治理效果壽命長于工程措施。林地減沙效果好,但耗水最多,雖然其生態(tài)用水的減沙效率最高；草地減沙效果和用水效率雖低于林地,卻能促進或維持小流域產(chǎn)流；梯壩地減少徑流作用稍低于林地,其泥沙影響主要為攔截泥沙而不是降低侵蝕產(chǎn)沙,但其攔沙能力會隨庫容淤積及梯田損毀而逐漸降低甚至喪失,且用水效率最低。綜合來看,干旱缺水地區(qū)要滿足節(jié)水、高效的水土保持治理要求,應盡可能多恢復草地覆蓋,既能持久減沙,又能增加或維持產(chǎn)流,且生態(tài)用水減沙效率較高。
[Abstract]:In order to take account of soil erosion control and water supply safety in the Loess Plateau, it is necessary to find water saving and efficient erosion control model. It is necessary to distinguish the effects of different land use structures on the runoff and sediment yield in small areas, especially in small watershed scale, so as to provide scientific support for the comprehensive management of the river basin. Therefore, 1955-20 small watershed in Pingliang, Gansu, is used. The 03 year management measures are studied with annual precipitation, runoff depth, sediment yield modulus and other monitoring data. The treatment process of small watershed is divided into 4 years of 1955-19641965-19761977-19851986-2003 years. Among them, the first 3 years are based on the construction of Silt Dams and terraced fields, and the restoration of forest and grass is emphasized in the fourth year period. The relationship between annual runoff, annual runoff and annual runoff yield modulus is analyzed, and the multiple linear relationship between annual runoff coefficient and annual runoff yield modulus with the change of land use structure is established, and the annual runoff depth and annual sediment modulus of different land use structures are quantitatively evaluated. The study shows that, although there is no obvious change in the annual precipitation, the annual runoff has decreased significantly in 1955-2003 years, from 59.1 mm in 1950s to 12.2 mm at the beginning of twenty-first Century, and the decline is 72.4%. to 1955-1964 years as the base period, and the annual human activities and precipitation changes in different periods are estimated. The contribution of runoff change shows that the contribution of precipitation to annual runoff is obvious except that in the year of drought, the change of runoff in other years is mainly caused by human activities, and its absolute contribution is gradually increasing. In the 1955-2003 year, the annual runoff of small watershed decreased significantly with the improvement of water and soil conservation and the annual runoff of small watershed. Compared with the base year period (1955-1964 years), the correlation between the annual runoff and the annual precipitation is gradually reduced, which can be explained by the two aspects of the capacity of precipitation and runoff and the capacity of the runoff. The precipitation runoff capacity is increased by the vegetation destruction in the last 2,3 period, and a significant reduction in the restoration of vegetation in the fourth year period; In order to eliminate the change of annual runoff, the relationship between sediment yield modulus and annual runoff depth is analyzed. The correlation between sediment yield and annual runoff depth and unit runoff depth in the first 3 years. The amount of sediment yield in the fourth year period was not obviously reduced in runoff yield, but the increase in the area of the forest and grass decreased the runoff yield greatly. It fitted the annual runoff and land use changes in the small watershed, and the annual runoff depth and land use change. The multiple linear regression equation shows that the forestland and the terracing land reduce the annual runoff depth, and the forest land reduction intensity is 1.48 times that of the terraced land, and the runoff mainly comes from the grassland and the slope farmland and the other 2 places, of which the grassland runoff is 1.8 times the slope farmland and the other. The woodland and grassland have the function of reducing the sediment yield, and the woodland strength is the grass. The sediment yield is 2.5 times, the sand production comes from the staircase and the slope land and the other 2 fields, especially the slope land of the staircase and the other times. The sloping arable land and other fields of 10% of the basin area are converted into woodland, grassland and staircase, and the annual runoff changes are -9.6, +4.2, -8.1 mm, respectively, -6367.0, -2532.4, +300.5t/km2/a, respectively. The effect of vegetation measures is longer than that of engineering measures. The effect of woodland reduction is good, but the water consumption is the most. Although the efficiency of its ecological water consumption is the highest, the effect of sand reduction and the efficiency of water use are lower than that of the woodland, but it can promote or maintain the flow of small catchment; the gradient of the dam land is a little lower than the woodland, and its sediment effect is mainly intercepted. Sediment rather than erosion and sediment yield, but its ability to block the sand will gradually decrease or even lose with the accumulation of reservoir capacity and the destruction of terraced fields, and the water efficiency is the lowest. And the efficiency of reducing sand in ecological water is high.

【學位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S157

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