發(fā)布時間：2018-04-25 07:06

  本文選題：鹽堿地 + 鋪設秸稈　； 參考：《中國科學院大學(中國科學院東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：松嫩平原是我國北方重要的農(nóng)牧業(yè)基地,也是世界三大蘇打鹽漬土分布區(qū)之一。由于近年來人們不合理的開發(fā)利用,松嫩平原土地鹽堿化日益加重,嚴重阻礙了該地區(qū)經(jīng)濟,社會和生態(tài)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。為了尋求低價高效易操作適用范圍較廣的鹽堿地改良方法,我們以松嫩平原鹽堿化草地和裸堿斑為研究對象,設計了四個長期實驗,分別為利用鋪設秸稈,制溝,筑臺的方法恢復裸堿斑植被,以及覆沙造旱田,研究這些方法的改良效果。研究發(fā)現(xiàn):1.鋪設秸稈并沒有顯著的增加土壤有機質(zhì)含量,對于土壤pH和電導率的影響在年際間亦有不同。然而,在裸堿斑上鋪設秸稈有效的促進了植被的恢復,盡管在不同的數(shù)量和鋪設方向間并沒有顯著的差異。同時,恢復的植被組分和不同處理間衡量植被恢復的指標的趨勢亦隨著年際變化。2.壟溝系統(tǒng)土壤含水率在表層10cm從壟頂?shù)綔系壮尸F(xiàn)出顯著增加趨勢,在深層的變化趨勢不明顯。秋季,壟溝系統(tǒng)的土壤含水率整體高于春季。在垂直方向上,表層10cm土壤的pH是最低的,各處理在2013年pH從壟頂?shù)綔系壮尸F(xiàn)出下降趨勢,2014年pH從壟頂?shù)綔系椎内厔莶灰恢隆?013年秋季0-10cm pH各處理顯著低于對照,而處理間的差異不顯著。電導率總體上在壟頂和大部分壟坡呈現(xiàn)隨深度降低的趨勢,而在溝底呈現(xiàn)出隨深度增加趨勢,0-20cm內(nèi),電導率從壟頂?shù)綔系壮尸F(xiàn)出下降趨勢。2013年,各處理的不同深層和系統(tǒng)整體的平均電導率均顯著低于對照,而處理間的差異不顯著。和對照相比,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)建造壟溝系統(tǒng)可以在一定程度上有效的促進裸堿斑植被的恢復,然而,不同處理間植被恢復效果差異不顯著。植被在壟溝各位置的分布在年際間有較大差異,衡量植被恢復的指標在不同年際間亦有較大的變異3.壟臺系統(tǒng)臺面和臺側(cè)的點,土壤水分在垂直方向上整體隨深度增加而增加,而臺底以及溝內(nèi)的點,含水率隨深度增加而降低。從臺面到溝底,在三個季節(jié)中,表層10cm的土壤含水率整體上呈現(xiàn)出顯著的上升趨勢,臺面以及臺側(cè)上的點的含水率與臺底及溝內(nèi)的點之間有顯著差異。各處理間平均含水率整體上差異不顯著。pH隨深度增加并沒有體現(xiàn)出一致的趨勢,從臺面到臺底亦沒有明顯的規(guī)律。2013年秋季,h20與對照差異顯著,2014年,所有壟臺平均ph均顯著低于對照,而不同壟臺系統(tǒng)間差異不顯著。秋季所有處理的ph較夏季略有降低。幾乎所有處理的電導率在臺面和臺側(cè)上半部隨深度增加而降低,臺底和溝內(nèi)的電導率隨深度增加而增加,臺的下半部則因季節(jié)而異。從臺面到溝底,電導率整體上呈現(xiàn)顯著降低的趨勢。各處理間h30的電導率最低。從春季到秋季,各處理的電導率均顯著上升。2014年秋由于干旱影響,各處理的臺面上和臺側(cè)的電導率和2013年相比均有較大幅度上升。壟臺系統(tǒng)整體上呈現(xiàn)積鹽趨勢。和對照相比,壟臺系統(tǒng)促進了裸堿斑植被恢復。整體上臺側(cè)和臺底的植被生物量高于臺面(2012年除外),并且不同位置植被組成略有差異,臺面上的植被堿蓬所占比重更大。同一年內(nèi),不同處理間植被各指標的差異整體上不顯著。植被恢復狀況在年際間具有較大差異,受降水和土壤屬性影響較大。4.覆沙對于土壤水分具有顯著影響。土壤含水率隨降雨變化,降雨時所有處理含水率均上升,且差異減小,干旱時所有處理含水率下降,且差異增大。含水率在土壤剖面內(nèi)呈現(xiàn)先增加再降低的趨勢,在沙堿土交界處達到最大,表層土壤表層含水率與沙堿土交界處差異顯著。0-20cm內(nèi),含水率隨覆沙厚度增加而呈降低趨勢,且t10含水率與其它各處理差異均顯著。20cm下各處理間差異不顯著。土壤ph和電導率亦受到覆沙的顯著影響。垂直方向上,ph和電導率隨深度增加而增加,且沙土層中的ph和電導率顯著低于堿土層。表層土壤ph和電導率總體上顯著低于沙土層最底部(沙堿土交界處),堿土層中ph和電導率隨深度稍有增加,但變化不顯著。在0-40cm內(nèi),相同深層內(nèi)土壤的ph和電導率隨覆沙厚度增加呈現(xiàn)降低的趨勢,且t10和t30,t40間差異顯著。種植不同植物之間土壤ph和電導率略呈現(xiàn)出豆科牧草對照作物的趨勢。三年內(nèi)覆沙對于玉米和向日葵的生長和產(chǎn)量均有顯著影響�？傮w來講各項指標均隨覆沙厚度的增加而增加,對于玉米,t20-t40的產(chǎn)量顯著高于t10,對于向日葵,t40的產(chǎn)量顯著高于t10和t20(2011年除外)。然而覆沙對于玉米的影響要大于對向日葵的影響,即隨覆沙厚度增加,玉米生長狀況和產(chǎn)量的增加幅度明顯大于向日葵。覆沙對于苜蓿的產(chǎn)量亦影響顯著,苜蓿產(chǎn)量隨覆沙厚度先增加,t30產(chǎn)量最高,然后略有降低,而對黃花草木樨的產(chǎn)量影響不顯著。我們推薦在覆沙地種植玉米和苜蓿,種植玉米至少需要覆沙20cm,而種植苜蓿最佳的覆沙厚度為30cm。
[Abstract]:Songnen Plain is an important agricultural and animal husbandry base in the north of China and one of the three distribution areas of saline soil in the world. Because of the irrational exploitation and utilization of people in recent years, the land salinization of the Songnen Plain is becoming more and more serious, which seriously hinders the economic, social and ecological sustainable development of the region. We have designed four long-term experiments on the saline alkali grassland and bare alkali spot in the Songnen Plain as the research object. We have designed four long-term experiments to restore the bare alkali spot vegetation by laying straw, making gully, building platform, and covering the dry fields with sand, and studying the improvement effect of these methods. The study found that 1. laid straw did not increase significantly. The effects of soil organic matter content on soil pH and electrical conductivity were also different in the interannual. However, the laying of straw on bare alkali spots effectively promoted the restoration of vegetation, although there was no significant difference between different quantities and laying directions. The soil moisture content of the furrow system in the.2. furrow system increased significantly in the surface 10cm from the top to the bottom of the furrow, and the trend of the soil moisture content in the furrow system was higher than that in the spring. In the vertical direction, the pH of the surface layer of 10cm soil was the lowest in the vertical direction, and the treatment of each treatment was from the ridge top to the bottom of the ditch in 2013. There is a downward trend, the trend of pH from the top to the bottom of the ridge in 2014 is not consistent, and the treatment of 0-10cm pH in autumn is significantly lower than that of the control in the autumn of.2013, but the difference between the treatments is not significant. The conductivity of the ridge and the most ridges on the whole is decreased with depth, but the depth of the furrow is increased in depth, and the conductivity is from the ridge top to the ditch in the 0-20cm. In.2013 years, the average conductivity of the different depths and the whole system was significantly lower than the control, but the difference between the treatments was not significant. Compared with the control, we found that the furrow system could effectively promote the restoration of the bare alkali spot vegetation to a certain extent. However, the difference in the restoration effect of different treatment interplants was different. It is not significant. The distribution of vegetation in the ridge and furrow has a great difference between the years. The index of vegetation restoration also has a large variation of the 3. ridge platform system platform and the platform side. The soil moisture increases with the depth in the vertical direction, and the water content decreases with the depth in the bottom and the trench. In the three seasons, the soil moisture content of the surface 10cm shows a significant upward trend, and there is a significant difference between the water content of the table and the platform side and the point in the bottom and the trench. The average water content in each treatment is not significantly different with the depth of.PH and does not show a consistent trend. There was no obvious regularity in the surface to the bottom of.2013, and the difference between H20 and control was significant. In 2014, the average pH of all ridges was significantly lower than that of the control, but there was no significant difference between different ridges. All the treated pH decreased slightly in the autumn. The conductivity of almost all treatment decreased with the depth of the platform and the upper part of the platform. The conductivity of the trench increases with the depth, and the lower part of the platform varies with the season. The conductivity of the H30 has the lowest conductivity from the table to the trench. The electrical conductivity of each treatment is the lowest. From spring to autumn, the electrical conductivity of each treatment increased significantly from the drought to the.2014 autumn, on the mesa and the side of each treatment. Compared with the control, the ridge platform system promoted the restoration of bare alkali spot vegetation. The vegetation biomass of the whole platform and the bottom was higher than that of the table (except 2012), and the vegetation groups in different positions were slightly different, and the proportion of the vegetation in the mesa was accounted for by the control. In the same year, in the same year, the difference of each index in different treatments was not significant on the whole. The restoration of vegetation had a great difference between year and year. The effect of precipitation and soil properties on soil moisture was significantly affected by precipitation and soil properties. The soil moisture content was changed with rainfall, and the water content of all treatment increased with the rainfall, and the difference was reduced, and the difference was reduced. The moisture content of all treatments decreased and the difference increased. The moisture content increased first and then decreased in the soil profile, and reached the maximum at the boundary of the alkali soil. The water content of the surface soil surface was significantly different from that at the boundary of the alkali soil.0-20cm, and the water content decreased with the increase of the thickness of the sand, and the water content of the T10 and the other treatments. The difference was not significant between the treatments under.20cm. The soil pH and electrical conductivity were also significantly affected by the sand covering. In the vertical direction, the pH and electrical conductivity increased with the depth, and the pH and electrical conductivity in the sandy soil layer were significantly lower than that in the alkali soil layer. The pH and electrical conductivity of the surface soil were significantly lower than the bottom of the sandy soil layer (the boundary of the alkaline soil). The pH and electrical conductivity in the alkali soil layer increased slightly with the depth, but the change was not significant. In the 0-40cm, the pH and electrical conductivity of soil in the same deep layer decreased with the increase of the thickness of the sand, and the difference between T10 and T30 and T40 was significant. The soil pH and electrical conductivity between different plants showed a trend of the leguminous grass control crop in three years. The growth and yield of maize and sunflower were significantly affected. In general, all the indexes increased with the increase of the thickness of the sand covering. For maize, the yield of t20-t40 was significantly higher than that of T10. For sunflower, the yield of T40 was significantly higher than that of T10 and T20 (except in 2011). With the increase of sand thickness, the increase of corn growth and yield was significantly greater than that of sunflower. The yield of alfalfa was also significantly affected. The yield of Alfalfa increased with the thickness of sand covering first, the yield of T30 was the highest, and then decreased slightly, but the effect on the yield of sweet clover was not obvious. We recommend planting corn and alfalfa in the sand covering land. Corn needs at least 20cm of sand cover, and the optimum sand thickness for planting alfalfa is 30cm.

【學位授予單位】：中國科學院大學(中國科學院東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S156.4

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2 范孔岳;核桃殼貼礫濾水管及其在土壤改良水平定向孔中的應用研究[D];中國地質(zhì)大學(北京);2015年

3 李驍騰;河北省黃驊市鹽堿地宜耕評價研究[D];河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學;2015年

4 周薇;Al_2(SO_4)_3和有機肥對蘇打鹽堿地水田的改良效果及其對鹽分運移的影響[D];吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學;2015年

5 王雙磊;棉花秸稈還田對鹽堿地棉田土壤理化性質(zhì)和生物學特性的影響[D];山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學;2015年

6 宋澤;肥料配施對鹽堿地水稻產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)的影響研究[D];黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學;2016年

7 劉鐵軍;蘭州新區(qū)鹽堿地改良綠化技術(shù)研究[D];蘭州大學;2016年

8 李廣艷;黃河灘鹽堿地苜蓿栽培區(qū)土壤特性及牧草品質(zhì)變化研究[D];西北農(nóng)林科技大學;2016年

9 劉博洋;吉林省西部鹽堿土不同利用方式對土壤化學性質(zhì)的影響[D];吉林農(nóng)業(yè)大學;2016年

10 邢瑩瑩;重度鹽堿地改良后土壤膠體變化及營造楊樹生長后效[D];東北林業(yè)大學;2016年

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