本文選題：退耕還林 + 淤地壩��； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：淤地壩是黃土高原有效攔截溝道泥沙的水土保持工程措施。隨著大規(guī)模退耕還林還草的進(jìn)行與植被不斷的恢復(fù)演替,黃土高原的侵蝕環(huán)境發(fā)生了很大變化,淤地壩在新的下墊面變化條件下的攔沙作用尚不明確。為此,本研究借助3S技術(shù),通過(guò)測(cè)量黃土丘陵溝壑區(qū)安塞縣馬家溝流域17座典型淤地壩在2004-2015年間的淤積量,分析其壩控流域土地利用與植被覆蓋的分布與變化特征,探討了退耕還林工程后不同下墊面特征及其變化對(duì)淤地壩攔沙量的影響,為今后淤地壩建設(shè)規(guī)劃及其減沙效益評(píng)價(jià)提供依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1)黃土丘陵溝壑區(qū)退耕還林工程前各時(shí)段淤地壩控制流域以極強(qiáng)度侵蝕及劇烈侵蝕為主,1968年前、1968-1983年、1983-1999年的年均攔沙量分別為19342.23 t/km~2、11554.46 t/km~2、14946.32 t/km~2,且差異不顯著;退耕還林工程實(shí)施后淤地壩的攔沙量2765.28 t/km~2,與此前各時(shí)段的差異顯著。在2013年暴雨條件下淤地壩的攔沙量(10000-15000t/km~2)大幅增加,占建壩至2015年間總攔沙量的28.5-75.5%。2)17座淤地壩的控制流域的海拔分布在1095-1489m之間,坡度分布集中在25-45°之間。2004年時(shí),各流域主要土地利用類型為灌木林地與草地,植被蓋度為12.2-30.1%,其中灌木林地的植被蓋度最大(40.6%);2015年時(shí)多數(shù)流域林地面積大幅增加,成為主要的土地利用類型;各流域的平均植被蓋度在33.2-76.1%之間,平均達(dá)到44.7%。各壩控流域綜合土地利用動(dòng)態(tài)度在1.29-7.50%之間。3)淤地壩攔沙量與林地、未利用地、灌木林地的面積變化顯著相關(guān),其中林地面積的增加對(duì)控制流域侵蝕產(chǎn)沙的作用最為明顯。由于各流域植被蓋度普遍增加,植被蓋度變化不是引起退耕后淤地壩攔沙量差異的主要原因。4)退耕還林工程后,2004與2015年各壩控流域的土地利用分布均有利于減輕土壤侵蝕,但2004-2015年間梯田面積的增加使流域內(nèi)景觀分布對(duì)土壤侵蝕的控制能力有所減弱。輕度侵蝕流域內(nèi)的植被以林地為主,草地、灌木交錯(cuò)分布,在不同地形因子等級(jí)的分布優(yōu)勢(shì)沒(méi)有明顯變化,且未利用地、耕地占比少;重度侵蝕流域的植被分布優(yōu)勢(shì)有明顯變化,低處主要為林地,高處各植被類型沒(méi)有明顯分布優(yōu)勢(shì),且坡耕地、梯田比例與在距離淤地壩近處的分布優(yōu)勢(shì)增加。增加植被覆蓋面積以及梯田等“源”距流域出口的距離,有助于控制流域的侵蝕產(chǎn)沙。
[Abstract]:Silt dam is an effective soil and water conservation engineering measure to intercept channel sediment in the Loess Plateau. With the large-scale conversion of farmland to forest and grassland and the continuous restoration of vegetation, the erosion environment of the Loess Plateau has changed greatly. Therefore, with the help of 3s technology, the distribution and change characteristics of land use and vegetation cover of 17 typical silt dams in Majiagou Valley, Ansai County, loess hilly and gully region from 2004 to 2015 were analyzed. The characteristics of different underlying surfaces and their effects on sediment retention of silt dams after returning farmland to forests are discussed, which provides a basis for the planning of silt dam construction and the evaluation of sediment reduction benefits in the future. The main results are as follows: before returning cropland to forest in Loess Hilly and Gully region, the silt dam control basin was dominated by extreme intensity erosion and severe erosion in each period, and the average annual sediment interception volume from 1968-1983 to 1983-1999 was 19342.23 t / km-1 / kg / kg / kg ~ 214946.32 t / km / m ~ (2), respectively, and the difference was not significant. The silt retention capacity of silt dam is 2765.28 t / km ~ (-2) after the implementation of returning farmland to forest project, and the difference is significant compared with previous periods. During the rainstorm period of 2013, the sediment amount of silt dam increased significantly from 1000 to 15000t / km ~ 2), and the control basin of 17 silt dams accounted for 28.5-75.55.50.17 silt dams in the period from construction to 2015 was distributed in the range of 1095-1489m above sea level, and the slope was concentrated between 25-45 擄. In 2004, The main types of land use in each watershed are shrub land and grassland with vegetation coverage of 12.2-30.1in which the vegetation coverage of shrubbery land is the largest 40.60.The forest land area of most watersheds increased significantly in 2015 and became the main land use type. The average vegetation coverage of each watershed ranged from 33.2-76.1%, with an average of 44.7%. The dynamic degree of comprehensive land use in each dam control basin was between 1.29-7.50%. 3) the amount of silt retention by silt dam was significantly related to the area of forestland, unused land and shrub land, and the increase of woodland area had the most obvious effect on controlling the erosion and sediment yield of watershed. Because the vegetation coverage of each watershed is increasing generally, the change of vegetation coverage is not the main reason that causes the difference of sediment retention amount of silt dam after returning farmland to forest. 4) the land use distribution of each dam control basin in 2004 and 2015 is beneficial to the mitigation of soil erosion. However, the increase of terrace area in 2004-2015 weakened the ability of landscape distribution to control soil erosion. The vegetation in the mildly eroded watershed was dominated by woodland, grassland and shrubs were interlaced, and there was no obvious change in the distribution superiority of different topographic factor grades, and the unutilized land was not used, and the proportion of cultivated land was less. The vegetation distribution advantage of the heavily eroded watershed has obvious change, the low part is mainly woodland, the vegetation type of height has no obvious distribution advantage, and the proportion of sloping farmland, terraced field and the distribution advantage near the silt dam increase. Increasing the vegetation coverage area and the distance between the "source" and the outlet of the basin is helpful to control the erosion and sediment yield of the basin.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S157

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