本文選題：生物結(jié)皮 + 藻類��； 參考：《北京林業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：氮素養(yǎng)分的匱乏嚴(yán)重制約著荒漠生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的凈初級(jí)生產(chǎn)力。生物土壤結(jié)皮(下稱“生物結(jié)皮”)在荒漠生態(tài)系統(tǒng)廣泛分布,是主要的氮源。生物結(jié)皮因其土壤理化性質(zhì)和生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)的改變,強(qiáng)烈地影響著表層土壤氮素動(dòng)態(tài),進(jìn)而影響著表層土壤可利用氮素的供給,以及植被的生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育,對(duì)于荒漠生態(tài)系統(tǒng)土壤改良和植被恢復(fù)具有重要的實(shí)踐指導(dǎo)意義。目前,相關(guān)研究不夠系統(tǒng)和深入,一定程度上制約著對(duì)荒漠生態(tài)系統(tǒng)氮?jiǎng)討B(tài)過程的理解以及荒漠化防治工作的開展。鑒于此,本研究以毛烏素沙地普遍存在的不同類型生物結(jié)皮為研究對(duì)象,進(jìn)行了野外調(diào)查、室內(nèi)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)、化學(xué)試驗(yàn)和生物學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),對(duì)其物種群落結(jié)構(gòu)、固氮能力、礦質(zhì)氮積累和氮損失的等方面進(jìn)行了研究,結(jié)果表明：(1)生物結(jié)皮的物種群落結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)固氮活性有著重要的貢獻(xiàn)。隨著生物結(jié)皮從低級(jí)到高級(jí)階段,固氮物種豐富度和多度與固氮活性呈現(xiàn)相同的變化趨勢(shì),即單峰曲線。生物結(jié)皮的固氮物種,尤其是藍(lán)藻,對(duì)固氮活性具有顯著的的貢獻(xiàn)(90.9%)。并且藍(lán)藻對(duì)于固氮活性的貢獻(xiàn)又因水分和溫度條件不同而不同。水分和溫度條件越適宜,藍(lán)藻對(duì)于固氮活性的解釋量越高,在最適條件下(含水量25%,25℃),其解釋量高達(dá)96.9%。在不同類型的生物結(jié)皮當(dāng)中,藍(lán)藻結(jié)皮的年固氮量估算值最高,為14.43±1.18mgN2m-2a-1。生物結(jié)皮中可能存在一些高多度且對(duì)溫度水分高敏感度的藍(lán)藻,它們只在溫度水分最適的環(huán)境條件下表現(xiàn)出高固氮活性。(2)隨著生物結(jié)皮從低級(jí)階段到高級(jí)階段,土壤物理結(jié)構(gòu)得到改良和土壤養(yǎng)分不斷積累,微生物數(shù)量也大體上呈增加趨勢(shì),這些都為土壤氮礦化作用提供了良好的條件,有利于提高土壤礦質(zhì)氮含量。生物結(jié)皮礦質(zhì)氮的積累與生物結(jié)皮的水分和溫度呈正相關(guān)；隨著土壤有機(jī)碳、全氮、有效氮含量和土壤體積分形維數(shù)的增加而增加,隨著土壤C/N和pH的降低而增加；與細(xì)菌、放線菌和真菌的數(shù)量呈正相關(guān)。在不同季節(jié)中,由于6-8月溫度水分條件較好,生物結(jié)皮碳氮養(yǎng)分含量較高,可以為氮礦化作用提供良好的條件和原料,因而該季節(jié)的礦質(zhì)氮含量最高。(3)隨著生物結(jié)皮從低級(jí)階段到高級(jí)階段,土壤結(jié)構(gòu)不斷改良,土壤透氣性不斷增加,堿性危害逐漸降低,進(jìn)而有效地抑制了土壤氣體氮損失。生物結(jié)皮從低級(jí)階段到高級(jí)階段,土壤體積分析形維數(shù)和土壤孔隙度的增加抑制了氮損失,C/N和pH的下降減少了氮損失。本研究表明生物結(jié)皮對(duì)于荒漠生態(tài)系統(tǒng)表層土壤氮?jiǎng)討B(tài)有顯著的影響,生物結(jié)皮的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)育總體上有利于土壤可利用氮的積累和氣體氮損失的減輕,為荒漠化防治工作中的生物措施提供了理論和實(shí)驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)。微生物和隱花植物是生物結(jié)皮實(shí)現(xiàn)氮?jiǎng)討B(tài)過程的主要執(zhí)行者,其群落結(jié)構(gòu)與固氮功能和礦質(zhì)氮積累密切相關(guān)。后續(xù)研究可以采用新技術(shù)來檢測(cè)參與氮?jiǎng)討B(tài)過程的功能微生物群落,以期闡明生物結(jié)皮氮素動(dòng)態(tài)的生物機(jī)制。
[Abstract]:The lack of nitrogen seriously restricts the net primary productivity of desert ecosystem. The biological soil crust (hereinafter referred to as "biological crust") are widely distributed in the desert ecosystem, is the main source of nitrogen. The skin microbiotic soil physicochemical properties and biological community structure changes, strongly influence the dynamics of nitrogen in surface soil. And the effects of soil available nitrogen supply, and vegetation growth and development, are important for ecosystem restoration of desert vegetation and soil improvement. At present, the related research is not systematic and in-depth, to a certain extent restricts on desert ecosystem nitrogen dynamic process of understanding and carry out the prevention and control of desertification. In view of this, different types of biological crusts in Maowusu sandland generally exist in this study as the research object, conducted a field survey, indoor simulation experiment, test and biochemical studies Experimental study on the species, community structure, nitrogen fixation ability, mineral nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen loss were studied, results showed that: (1) species community structure of biological crusts are important contributors to the nitrogenase activity. With the biocrusts from elementary to advanced stage, species richness and nitrogen fixation and the nitrogenase activity showed the same trend, namely the single peak curve. The nitrogen fixing species of biological crusts, especially cyanobacteria, nitrogen fixation activity has significant contribution (90.9%). And the contribution to the nitrogenase activity of cyanobacteria due to moisture and temperature conditions are different. The more suitable conditions of moisture and temperature, the higher the cyanobacteria the nitrogenase activity explained, under the optimum conditions (25% water, 25 C), the amount of up to 96.9%. in the biological crusts of different types, in the amount of nitrogen fixing cyanobacterial crusts of the estimated value of the highest, 14.43 + 1.18mgN2m-2a-1. There may be some high degree of temperature and moisture sensitive cyanobacterial crusts, they are only in the most suitable temperature and moisture conditions showed high nitrogenase activity. (2) with biological crust from the lower stage to the higher stage, improved soil physical structure and soil nutrient accumulation, microbial number generally showed an increasing trend, provide a good condition for the soil nitrogen mineralization, is conducive to the improvement of mineral nitrogen content of soil moisture and temperature were positively biocrusts accumulation and biological crusts of mineral nitrogen related; with soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen content increased and the fractal dimension of soil volume increased and decreased with increasing soil C/N and pH; and the number of positive bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. In different seasons, 6-8 months due to temperature and moisture conditions are better, higher biological carbon and nitrogen nutrient content of skin, Can provide good conditions and raw materials for nitrogen mineralization, and mineral nitrogen content of the season. The highest (3) with biological crust from the lower stage to the higher stage, improving soil structure, soil permeability increased, alkaline harm gradually reduced, thus effectively restrain soil nitrogen gas losses. Biocrusts from the lower stage to the higher stage, analysis of fractal dimension and porosity of soil can inhibit the nitrogen loss of soil volume, decreased C/N and pH reduced the nitrogen loss. This study shows that biological crusts have significant influence on soil nitrogen dynamics of desert ecosystem, biological crust and development to reduce the soil available the loss of nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen gas on the whole, provides theoretical and experimental basis for the prevention and control of desertification in microbial and biological measures. Cryptogamic crusts are nitrogen dynamic The main executors of the process are closely related to their community structure and nitrogen fixation function and mineral nitrogen accumulation. Subsequent research can use new technology to detect functional microbial communities involved in nitrogen dynamic process, with a view to elucidate the biological mechanism of nitrogen dynamics in biological crusts.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S154

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