本文選題：土壤動物　切入點(diǎn)：多樣性　出處：《東北師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：我國東北地區(qū)的針闊混交林是溫帶地帶性植被類型之一,其中長白山針闊混交林為典型代表,主要分布于海拔1100 m以下的玄武巖臺地,是全球已為數(shù)不多的大面積原生針闊混交林之一。多年來,不斷經(jīng)過人為和自然兩種形式的干擾破壞,導(dǎo)致原生植被的面積逐漸減少。土壤動物作為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分之一,其群落多樣性也會隨生態(tài)環(huán)境的變化而改變。為探討長白山玄武巖臺地土壤動物多樣性及其生態(tài)分布,于2014年5月(春季)、7月(夏季)、9月(秋季)對原始針闊混交林、次生針闊混交林、次生落葉闊葉林、耕地四個(gè)生境的土壤動物進(jìn)行了研究。可為維護(hù)長白山森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的功能提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。本研究運(yùn)用了單因素方差分析和多因素方差分析法比較不同生境、季節(jié)、土層之間的土壤動物密度和類群數(shù)的差異性；通過計(jì)算多樣性指數(shù)(H')、豐富度指數(shù)(D)、均勻度指數(shù)(e)和優(yōu)勢度指數(shù)(C)來描述土壤動物多樣性特征；最后使用冗余分析法探討了土壤動物多樣性與主要土壤環(huán)境因子之間的關(guān)系。本文主要結(jié)論如下：(1)研究區(qū)內(nèi)捕獲大型土壤動物46類,1992只,平均密度為531.47只/m2,隸屬于3門6綱15目43科(總科)。優(yōu)勢類群為3類,即線蚓科、石蜈蚣科、蟻科,占總個(gè)體數(shù)的62.92%。常見類群為13類,即地蜈蚣科、馬陸目、隱翅蟲科、雙翅目幼蟲、漏斗蛛科等,占總個(gè)體數(shù)的32.11%。稀有類群和極稀有類群共30類,雖然類群數(shù)較多,但個(gè)體數(shù)僅占大型土壤動物的4.97%。研究區(qū)內(nèi)捕獲中小型土壤動物44類,25724只,平均密度為42873.33只/m2,隸屬于3門6綱18目(亞目)37科(總科)。優(yōu)勢類群為甲螨亞目、等節(jié)跳蟲科、球角跳蟲科3類,占總個(gè)體數(shù)的69.56%。常見類群為6類,即革螨亞目、輻螨亞目、山跳蟲科、雙翅目幼蟲、圓跳蟲科和鱗跳蟲科,占總個(gè)體數(shù)的26.45%。稀有類群和極稀有類群共35類,僅占中小型土壤動物總數(shù)的3.99%。(2)從水平分布來看,大型土壤動物和中小型土壤動物的多樣性均呈現(xiàn)出在原始針闊混交林最高,耕地最低。其中大型土壤動物的多樣性在不同季節(jié)則為：春季,次生針闊混交林最高,耕地最低；夏季和秋季為原始針闊混交林最高,耕地最低。中小型土壤動物多樣性在不同季節(jié)則表現(xiàn)出：春季和秋季為原始針闊混交林最高,耕地最低；夏季為次生針闊混交林最高,耕地仍為最低。全年來看,大型土壤動物與中小型土壤動物的多樣性特征指數(shù)都呈現(xiàn)出：多樣性指數(shù)和豐富度指數(shù)在原始針闊混交林為最高,優(yōu)勢度指數(shù)在次生針闊混交林中為最高,均勻度指數(shù)在耕地中為最高。(3)從垂直分布來看,土壤動物多樣性具有明顯的表聚性。原始針闊混交林、次生針闊混交林和次生落葉闊葉林土壤動物的多樣性在凋落物層達(dá)到最高,10-15cm土層最低；耕地土壤動物的多樣性在0-5cm土層達(dá)到最高,10-15cm土層最低。凋落物層土壤動物多樣性表現(xiàn)為原始針闊混交林最高,0-5cm土層的土壤動物多樣性則為次生針闊混交林最高,5-10cm和10-15cm土層的土壤動物多樣性均為次生落葉闊葉林最高。(4)土壤動物與主要土壤環(huán)境因子的RDA排序分析結(jié)果表明：土壤溫度、速效P、pH、有機(jī)質(zhì)、濕度、速效N和速效K的變化是導(dǎo)致長白山玄武巖臺地不同生境土壤動物多樣性分布的主要影響因素。
[Abstract]:Northeast China is one of the temperate coniferous forest vegetation types in Changbai Mountain coniferous forest as a typical representative, mainly distributed in the altitude of 1100 m below the basalt platform, is the world's large area has been one of the primary coniferous forest number. Over the years, passing through artificial and natural interference two forms of damage, resulting in native vegetation area decreased. Soil animal is one of the most important part of the ecosystem, the biodiversity will change with the change of ecological environment. In order to investigate Changbai Mountain basalt soil animal diversity and ecological distribution, in May 2014 (spring), July (summer), September (Autumn) of the original conifer forest, secondary coniferous forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, soil animal of four cultivated habitats were studied. To provide for the maintenance of Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem function Scientific basis. This study used the comparison of different habitats, single factor analysis of variance and multiple factor variance analysis of seasonal differences, the number of soil animal density and soil between the groups; through the calculation of diversity index (H'), richness index (D), evenness index (E) and dominance index (C) to describe the soil animal diversity; finally, using redundancy analysis to explore the relationship between the diversity of soil animal and soil environmental factors. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) in the study area to capture a large soil animal 46 kinds, 1992, the average density is 531.47 /m2, which belonged to 3 phyla, 6 classes, 15 orders 43 families (families). The dominant groups into 3 categories, namely Enchytraeidae, Lithobiidae, Formicidae, 62.92%. common groups accounted for the total number of individuals into 13 categories, namely, geophilomorpha, Malu, Staphylinidae, Diptera larvae, agelenidae, 32.11%. and rare groups of total individuals the number of A total of 30 kinds of rare groups, although the group number is more, but the individual number only accounts for the large soil animal 4.97%. research area to capture small soil animal class 44, 25724, the average density was 42873.33 /m2, which belonged to 3 phyla, 6 classes and 18 orders (suborder) 37 families (families). The dominant groups are a mite suborder, Isotomidae, ball springtails Angle Class 3, 69.56%. common groups accounted for the total number of individuals into 6 categories, namely the mite suborder, actinedida suborder, mountain springtails, Diptera larvae, Sminthuridae and tomoceridae, 26.45%. rare groups accounted for the total number of individuals and rare groups a total of 35, accounting for only small and medium sized soil animal 3.99%. (2) from the level of distribution, diversity of large soil animal and small and medium sized soil animal showed the highest in the original coniferous forest land. The lowest diversity of large soil animal is in different seasons: spring season, secondary needle the highest broad-leaved mixed forest The cultivated land, the lowest in summer and autumn; the original coniferous forest is the highest, the lowest diversity of cultivated land. Small and medium sized soil animal in different seasons showed: spring and autumn as the original coniferous forest is the highest, the lowest in cultivated land; secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest is the highest, the cultivated land still is the lowest. The full year, diversity the characteristic index of large soil animal and small and medium sized soil animal shows: the diversity index and richness index in primitive coniferous forest is the highest, the dominance index in secondary conifer and broadleaf mixed forest is the highest, the evenness index in cultivated land is the highest. (3) from the vertical distribution of soil animal diversity. Has the obvious tablecohesion. The original conifer forest, the diversity of secondary broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest soil animal reached the highest in the litter layer, 10-15cm layer is lowest; soil animal diversity in 0- 5cm soil layer was the highest, the lowest layer of 10-15cm. The diversity of litter layer soil animal is primitive coniferous forest is highest, soil animal diversity is 0-5cm soil secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest is the highest, 5-10cm and 10-15cm layer of soil animal diversity were the secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest is highest. (4) RDA sequencing the results of soil animal and soil environmental factors showed: soil temperature, available P, pH, organic matter, moisture, change of available N and K is the result of Changbai Mountain basalt soil animal diversity in different habitats of the distribution of main influencing factors.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：東北師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S154.5

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