本文選題：笨蝗　切入點(diǎn)：消化道　出處：《山西師范大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：本文利用體視顯微鏡、光學(xué)顯微鏡、掃描電鏡和透射電鏡技術(shù)對笨蝗Haplotropisbrunneriana Saussure消化道結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了研究，比較分析了前腸、中腸和后腸在形態(tài)學(xué)、組織學(xué)和細(xì)胞學(xué)3個(gè)方面的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，并探討了其結(jié)構(gòu)與功能的關(guān)系，旨在為揭示笨蝗消化道結(jié)構(gòu)的特異性，為昆蟲分類學(xué)及消化系統(tǒng)的演化提供基礎(chǔ)資料。 笨蝗消化道由前腸、中腸和后腸3部分組成。前腸包括細(xì)管狀的食道、膨大呈囊狀的嗉囔和杯狀的前胃，中腸包括一段短而直的管狀胃和6對錐形的胃盲囊，胃盲囊位于前胃和胃之間，由胃前端向外突起形成。后腸由回腸、結(jié)腸和直腸組成，回腸前端膨大為囊狀向后逐漸變細(xì)為結(jié)腸，然后膨大呈紡錘狀的直腸。在前胃內(nèi)壁末端有6個(gè)Y形賁門瓣，回腸內(nèi)壁前端有12個(gè)棒狀幽門瓣。 笨蝗前腸、中腸和后腸的組織結(jié)構(gòu)存在差異。前腸內(nèi)表面有角質(zhì)化程度較高的內(nèi)膜，上皮層由排列緊密的單層柱狀上皮細(xì)胞構(gòu)成，，上皮層外分布為肌肉層，環(huán)肌排列在外側(cè)，縱肌排列在內(nèi)側(cè)。中腸無內(nèi)膜，柱狀上皮細(xì)胞頂端分布有大量微絨毛，肌肉排列與前腸剛好相反。后腸結(jié)構(gòu)與前腸基本相似，只是內(nèi)膜層厚度與肌肉發(fā)達(dá)程度不同。 掃描電子顯微鏡研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，笨蝗前腸和后腸內(nèi)壁均有齒分布，中腸無齒。前腸主要以單生齒分布為主，食道上為單生齒和雙生齒，嗉囊壁內(nèi)褶成脊，脊上均為單生齒，前胃齒特化，Y形賁門瓣長臂兩側(cè)的單生齒齒尖左右咬合，短臂上有單生尖齒和鈍齒。中腸內(nèi)表面具有豐富的微絨毛。后腸幽門瓣上雙生齒最多，叢生齒次之，單生齒極少；回腸和直腸墊上均無齒，分布有篩網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)；結(jié)腸內(nèi)表面分布較多的叢生齒；直腸墊之間的內(nèi)壁上有齒，齒尖垂直于消化道縱軸。 笨蝗前腸上皮細(xì)胞中含有較多的線粒體和粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)，端部有微絨毛分布，這些結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)說明上皮細(xì)胞可能參與了內(nèi)膜層的形成。后腸的超微結(jié)構(gòu)與前腸相似，顯著的特征是上皮細(xì)胞基部含有大量的空泡和不同大小的電子密度顆粒，這些結(jié)構(gòu)可能與后腸回收水分和無機(jī)鹽相關(guān)。 前胃盲囊和后胃盲囊的超微結(jié)構(gòu)具有相似的特點(diǎn)。上皮細(xì)胞頂膜特化形成大量細(xì)長的微絨毛，微絨毛周圍附著有酶原粒。上皮細(xì)胞頂端有局部胞吐和全胞胞吐現(xiàn)象。頂端胞質(zhì)中分布有豐富的微粒、線粒體、粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)和一些吞噬泡。后胃盲囊與前胃盲囊的區(qū)別在于二者上皮細(xì)胞質(zhì)中存在不同電子密度的球狀結(jié)構(gòu)。胃上皮細(xì)胞超微結(jié)構(gòu)與前后胃盲囊相似，胞吐現(xiàn)象僅出現(xiàn)在胃前段，胃后段上皮細(xì)胞基部有多泡體結(jié)構(gòu)。中腸為消化吸收的主要場所。
[Abstract]:The digestive tract structure of Haplotropisbrunneriana Saussure was studied by stereoscopic microscope, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The morphology of foregut, midgut and hindgut were compared and analyzed. The relationship between structure and function was discussed in order to reveal the specificity of digestive tract structure and provide basic data for insect taxonomy and the evolution of digestive system. The digestive tract is composed of three parts: foregut, midgut and hindgut. The foregut consists of a thin tubular esophagus, a bursal crop and a goblet forestomach. The midgut consists of a short, straight tubular stomach and 6 pairs of conical gastric blind sac. The gastric caecum is located between the anterior stomach and the stomach and is formed by the protuberance of the anterior end of the stomach. The posterior intestine is composed of the ileum, colon and rectum. At the end of the anterior gastric wall, there were 6 Y-shaped cardia valves and 12 rod-shaped pyloric valves at the anterior end of the ileum wall. There were differences in the structure of foregut, midgut and hindgut. There was a high degree of keratinization on the inner surface of the foregut. The epithelium was composed of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells, and the outer layer of epithelium was a muscular layer, and the circular muscle was arranged on the lateral side. Longitudinal muscles were arranged in the medial side. There was no intima in the midgut and a large number of microvilli were distributed at the top of the columnar epithelial cells. The muscle arrangement was just opposite to that of the foregut. The results of scanning electron microscope showed that the inner wall of foregut and hindgut of Locust locust had tooth distribution, but the midgut had no teeth. The main distribution of anterior intestine was single tooth, the esophagus was single tooth and double tooth, the crop wall was ridged, and the upper ridge was single tooth. The single teeth on both sides of the long arm of the forestomach teeth were special and Y-shaped cardia valves had left and right occlusal teeth, and on the short arms there were single sharp teeth and blunt teeth. There were abundant microvilli on the inner surface of the midgut, and the double teeth on the pyloric valve of the hindgut were the most, followed by the tufts, and the single teeth were rare. The ileum and rectum mats have no teeth and have ethmoidal reticular structure; the inner surface of the colon has more clustered teeth; the inner wall of the rectum pad has teeth on the inner wall and the cusp is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract. There were more mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum in the epithelial cells of the foregut, and the microvilli were distributed at the tip. These structural features suggested that the epithelial cells might be involved in the formation of the intimal layer, and the ultrastructure of the hindgut was similar to that of the foregut. The prominent feature is that the epithelial cell base contains a large number of vacuoles and electron density particles of different sizes. These structures may be related to the recovery of water and inorganic salts in the hindgut. The ultrastructure of the anterior gastric caecal sac and the posterior gastric caecal sac have similar characteristics. A large number of slender microvilli are formed by the specialization of the apical membrane of the epithelial cells. The microvilli are surrounded by enzyme granulocytes. There are local exocytosis and whole cell exocytosis at the top of the epithelial cells. There are abundant particles, mitochondria, and mitochondria in the apical cytoplasm. Rough endoplasmic reticulum and some phagocytic vesicles. The difference between the posterior gastric caecum and the anterior gastric caecum lies in the existence of different electron density spherical structures in the cytoplasm of their epithelium. The ultrastructure of gastric epithelial cells is similar to that of the anterior and posterior gastric caecal sac. Exocytosis occurred only in the anterior part of the stomach, and there were many vesicles at the base of the epithelial cells in the posterior segment of the stomach, and the midgut was the main place for digestion and absorption.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S433.2

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