本文選題：潮土　切入點(diǎn)：長期施肥　出處：《山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)田土壤有機(jī)碳是衡量土壤肥力高低的重要指標(biāo)之一,也是土壤碳庫中最活躍的部分。施肥是農(nóng)田土壤有機(jī)碳庫及肥力質(zhì)量變化特征的重要影響因素,長期施肥下土壤有機(jī)碳庫及肥力特性的變化研究對(duì)指導(dǎo)土壤可持續(xù)利用具有重要的科學(xué)意義。本文以潮土長期定位試驗(yàn)為研究平臺(tái),利用長期監(jiān)測、室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)、模型擬合和相關(guān)分析等相結(jié)合的方法,通過研究連續(xù)35年不施肥(CK)、單施氮肥(N)、施氮磷肥(NP)、施氮磷鉀肥(NPK)、單施有機(jī)肥(M)、施氮肥和有機(jī)肥(MN),施氮磷肥和有機(jī)肥(MNP),施氮磷鉀肥和有機(jī)肥(MNPK)等不同施肥潮土有機(jī)碳及其儲(chǔ)量的演變規(guī)律,探討長期不同施肥與有機(jī)碳儲(chǔ)量的關(guān)系,利用生物學(xué)分組法分析長期化肥或有機(jī)肥施用后土壤有機(jī)碳轉(zhuǎn)化及其組分的差異,揭示土壤有機(jī)碳與作物產(chǎn)量的關(guān)系,評(píng)價(jià)不同施肥下的培肥效果,以期為潮土地力提升、作物高產(chǎn)及農(nóng)業(yè)固碳減排技術(shù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果與結(jié)論如下:(1)施肥處理均能顯著提高潮土有機(jī)碳平均含量,以有機(jī)無機(jī)配施處理提高速率最為顯著。連續(xù)施肥35年潮土有機(jī)碳儲(chǔ)量增加了5.3-14.8 t C·hm-2,有機(jī)無機(jī)配施處理有機(jī)碳儲(chǔ)量顯著高于單施有機(jī)肥和施用化肥處理,單施有機(jī)肥處理顯著高于施用化肥處理。當(dāng)累積碳投入量大于83 t C·hm-2后,有機(jī)碳儲(chǔ)量隨外源有機(jī)碳投入量增加的幅度明顯減緩,土壤固碳速率出現(xiàn)“飽和曲線效應(yīng)”。土壤有機(jī)碳儲(chǔ)量年均變化量與年均碳投入量符合線性正相關(guān)(y=0.0893x-0.0257 R2=0.9456,p0.01),要想維持該試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)初始有機(jī)碳水平年均最小碳投入量為0.29 t C·hm-2。(2)長期施肥(N處理除外)均可以顯著提高潮土有機(jī)碳礦化速率及累積礦化量,以有機(jī)無機(jī)配施增加幅度最大(2.6-3.1倍)。土壤有機(jī)碳礦化速率變化均符合對(duì)數(shù)函數(shù)關(guān)系,且相關(guān)系數(shù)均達(dá)到極顯著水平。采用三庫一級(jí)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型擬合表明,施肥增加中等活性有機(jī)碳庫比例,降低惰性有機(jī)碳庫比例,與CK處理相比,有機(jī)無機(jī)配施處理中等活性有機(jī)碳庫含量增加幅度為12.0-12.5倍,遠(yuǎn)高于施用化肥處理(2.1-5.9倍)和單施有機(jī)肥處理(9.8倍);施用有機(jī)肥處理明顯降低活性有機(jī)碳庫周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間。土壤有機(jī)碳各組分與碳投入量之間呈極顯著正相關(guān),以中等活性有機(jī)碳相關(guān)性最高。(3)施肥處理均極顯著提高小麥和玉米平均產(chǎn)量,以有機(jī)無機(jī)配施增產(chǎn)效果最佳。施肥處理(N處理除外)均顯著提高甘薯產(chǎn)量,以MNPK和NPK處理增幅最大,而MNPK和NPK處理間差異不顯著。作物產(chǎn)量的穩(wěn)定性和生產(chǎn)可持續(xù)性可分別用作物產(chǎn)量變異系數(shù)(CV)及可持續(xù)性產(chǎn)量指數(shù)(SYI)表征,有機(jī)肥配施氮磷鉀肥的產(chǎn)量CV最低、SYI最高,土壤養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)最為均衡,最有利于維持作物高產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)。(4)土壤有機(jī)碳與作物產(chǎn)量狀況密切相關(guān),土壤有機(jī)碳含量與小麥、玉米和甘薯產(chǎn)量呈顯著正相關(guān),土壤活性、中等活性有機(jī)碳庫含量與小麥和甘薯產(chǎn)量均呈顯著正相關(guān),土壤有機(jī)碳平均含量與小麥產(chǎn)量CV、SYI值相關(guān)性達(dá)到顯著相關(guān)。(5)長期施肥對(duì)土壤肥力指標(biāo)影響顯著,施用有機(jī)肥處理顯著降低土壤容重,而土壤孔隙度、有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、堿解氮、全磷、有效磷、微生物生物量、過氧化氫酶、脲酶、堿性磷酸酶活性均顯著增加。通過主成分分析可將原15個(gè)土壤指標(biāo)降維,提取出2個(gè)主成分,反映了原信息量的85.51%。作為潮土肥力綜合評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),生物指標(biāo)中微生物生物量和過氧化氫酶優(yōu)于脲酶、堿性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶;化學(xué)指標(biāo)中土壤氮、磷元素和有機(jī)質(zhì)起主導(dǎo)作用。采用主成分-聚類分析方法可將潮土肥力水平分為6個(gè)等級(jí):一等為處理MNPK;二等為處理MNP;三等為處理M、MN;四等為處理NPK;五等為處理N、NP;六等為處理CK。
[Abstract]:Soil organic carbon is an important indicator of soil fertility, soil carbon pool is the most active part. Fertilization is an important factor affecting soil organic carbon and soil fertility quality change, change under long-term fertilization of soil organic carbon and soil fertility characteristics has important scientific significance for guiding the sustainable utilization of the soil in this paper. Based on the long-term soil test as the research platform, the use of long-term indoor monitoring, training method, model fitting and correlation analysis combined, through the study of 35 consecutive years without fertilization (CK), Dan Shidan (N), nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer (NP), nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilizer (NPK), single application organic fertilizer (M), nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer (MN), nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer (MNP), nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilizer and organic fertilizer (MNPK) evolution of different fertilization soil organic carbon reserves and the effect of long-term different fertilization and organic carbon storage in turn System analysis of long-term chemical fertilizer or organic fertilizer after the transformation of soil organic carbon and its components by using the difference of biological grouping method, to reveal the relationship between soil organic carbon and crop yield, evaluation under different fertilization fertilizer effect, in order to enhance soil fertility, crop yield and agricultural carbon sequestration technology to provide a scientific basis. The results and conclusions are as follows: (1) fertilization could significantly increase the average organic carbon content in soil, organic and inorganic fertilizer treatment increased the rate of the most significant. 35 years continuous fertilization soil organic carbon reserves increased by 5.3-14.8 t C, hm-2, organic and inorganic fertilizer organic carbon storage was significantly higher than the single application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of chemical fertilizer. When the cumulative carbon input is greater than 83 t C, hm-2, organic carbon storage with exogenous organic carbon inputs increased significantly slowed, soil Soil carbon sequestration rate of "saturation curve effect". The soil organic carbon storage annual variation and annual carbon inputs with a positive linear correlation (y=0.0893x-0.0257 R2=0.9456, P0.01), in order to maintain the initial level of organic carbon the minimum annual carbon amount was 0.29 t C hm-2. (2) long term fertilization (except for treatment N) could significantly improve the soil organic carbon mineralization rate and cumulative mineralization of organic and inorganic fertilizer, to increase the maximum (2.6-3.1 times). The changes of soil organic carbon mineralization rate were consistent with the logarithmic function, and the correlation coefficient reached significant level. By fitting a first-order kinetic model of three libraries showed that fertilization increased medium activity the proportion of organic carbon, reducing inert organic carbon ratio, compared with CK, the content of organic and inorganic fertilizer treatment medium active organic carbon pool increased by 12.0-12.5 times, far higher than the chemical fertilizer application (2.1-5 .9 times) and manure treatment (9.8 times); organic manure significantly reduced organic carbon turnover time. The activity between soil organic carbon fractions and carbon inputs were positively related to correlation between medium active organic carbon (3). The highest fertilization significantly high average yield of wheat. And corn, with organic and inorganic fertilizer production. The best fertilization treatments (except for treatment N) significantly increased the yield of sweet potato, with the largest MNPK and NPK increased, but there was no significant difference between MNPK and NPK treatments. The crop yield stability and sustainable production respectively by crop yield coefficient of variation (CV) and sustainability the yield index (SYI) characterization, organic fertilizer NPK fertilizer yield of CV was the lowest, the highest SYI, soil nutrient supply of the most balanced, the most conducive to maintain the stable yield. (4) the soil organic carbon and crop yield condition is closely related to soil organic The carbon content of wheat was significantly positively correlated, corn and sweet potato yield was positively related to the activity of soil, moderate labile organic carbon content and wheat and sweet potato yield was CV, the average content of soil organic carbon and wheat yield, SYI value was significantly correlated to. (5) effect of long-term application of fertilizers on soil fertility index significantly. Application of organic manure significantly reduced soil bulk density, soil porosity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, microbial biomass, catalase, urease, alkaline phosphatase activity increased significantly. Through principal component analysis, the original 15 soil index reduction, 2 principal components were extracted that reflects the original information of the 85.51%. as the tide soil fertility comprehensive evaluation index, microbial biomass and biological indicators is better than that of catalase urease, alkaline phosphatase and invertase; soil nitrogen chemical index, phosphorus and organic matter Taking the leading role. The principal component and cluster analysis method can be used to divide the fertility level of the fluvo aquic soil into 6 grades: one is to deal with MNPK, the other two is to deal with MNP, three is to deal with M, MN, four to deal with NPK, five to deal with N, NP, six and so on to deal with CK..

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S153.6;S158

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