發(fā)布時間：2018-03-21 23:02

  本文選題：意大利蝗　切入點(diǎn)：胚胎發(fā)育　出處：《新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：本文對意大利蝗生物學(xué)和生命表進(jìn)行了研究,其中生物學(xué)分為胚胎發(fā)育及滯育發(fā)生胚胎發(fā)育階段、卵耐寒能力、越冬卵游離氨基酸、飛行能力、卵巢發(fā)育和溫度耐受力;生命表分為實(shí)驗(yàn)種群和自然種群生命表。意大利蝗的胚胎發(fā)育可劃分為18個階段;意大利蝗胚胎有反向移轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)旋期和順向移動3種轉(zhuǎn)動方式;意大利蝗卵的滯育發(fā)生的胚胎發(fā)育階段為第ⅩⅡ階段;在自然條件下,意大利蝗早中期卵(7月27日-8月16日所產(chǎn)卵)以滯育狀態(tài)越冬,于翌年4月16日繼續(xù)發(fā)育;晚期所產(chǎn)卵(8月28日-9月4日)尚未發(fā)育至胚胎第ⅩⅡ階段,而自11月4日開始以胚胎第Ⅹ階段越冬,于翌年3月29日繼續(xù)發(fā)育;在自然條件下,意大利蝗卵自1月21日部分卵體解除滯育,隨著越冬時間的延長其解除滯育的卵體逐漸增多,3月29日卵體基本完全解除滯育。自然條件下,意大利蝗卵初產(chǎn)卵含水量為48.68%-50.61%,產(chǎn)后44-61d卵體含水量增加為60.33%-62.48%,產(chǎn)后45-217d含水量維持在59.16%-67.53%,直至次年3月29日卵體含水量迅速增加為75.89%-77.43%,近孵化前卵體含水量78.62%-79.37%;意大利蝗卵過冷卻點(diǎn)與侯地溫表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)相關(guān)性,10月至次年1月,侯地溫逐漸降低,過冷卻點(diǎn)亦逐漸降低;至1月侯地溫(-3.29℃)最低,過冷卻點(diǎn)(-21.45℃)亦最低,次年1月至3月,侯地溫逐漸上升,過冷卻點(diǎn)亦升高。意大利蝗卵的耐寒能力具有明顯的季節(jié)適應(yīng)性。意大利蝗卵發(fā)育的適溫范圍為22℃-32℃,適宜土壤相對含水量范圍在35%-55%;8月中旬所產(chǎn)蝗卵的孵化率最高;最適因素組合為恒溫27℃-土壤相對含水量45%-8月中旬所產(chǎn)卵。溫度(T0)與蝗卵的發(fā)育歷期(T)呈極顯著線性負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系(T=-5.612 8T0+25.564,R2=0.7932);5%土壤相對含水量的發(fā)育歷期顯著低于土壤相對含水量15%-55%的發(fā)育歷期(p0.05);8月上旬、中旬所產(chǎn)卵的發(fā)育歷期顯著長于8月中旬所產(chǎn)卵的歷期(p0.05)。卵的孵化率和發(fā)育歷期的最主要因素分別是土壤相對含水量和溫度。意大利蝗越冬卵內(nèi)含17種游離氨基酸�？傆坞x氨基酸的含量從滯育期至滯育解除期逐漸減少,至隱蝗蝻期略有回升,但始終低于滯育期總氨基酸含量。滯育期間丙氨酸、脯氨酸、谷氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸維持較高含量,而滯育解除后下降,比滯育期分別減少21.08%、26.71%、19.48%、22.18%、31.14%、20.96%。意大利蝗越冬卵在滯育期和滯育解除后谷氨酸始終保持最高。意大利蝗卵巢發(fā)育分為5個主級(Ⅰ級、Ⅱ級、Ⅲ級、Ⅵ級、Ⅴ級),其中Ⅱ級細(xì)分為初期、末期2個亞級,Ⅲ級細(xì)分為初期、中期、后期、末期4個亞級。卵巢發(fā)育過程顯示:卵巢長度前期增長平緩,中后期增長迅速,而卵巢寬度增長較為緩慢,卵巢面積呈冪指數(shù)增長。意大利蝗卵巢發(fā)育主要集中于中后期。白日(8:00-20:00),意大利蝗雌成蟲自2日齡開始飛行,至6日齡(飛行時間18.22 min,飛行距離231.01 m,飛行速度12.59 m·min-1,飛行百分比76.00%)飛行能力達(dá)顯著最高(p0.05),6-10日齡飛行能力逐漸降低;雄成蟲2日齡的飛行能力顯著最高(p0.05),其飛行時間、飛行距離、飛行速度和飛行百分比分別為0.64 min、13.34 m、15.70 m·min-1、40.00%,2-10日齡的飛行能力逐漸降低。不同等級卵巢與不同日齡的飛行能力的變化規(guī)律一致,其中Ⅱ級卵巢(6日齡)的飛行能力顯著最高(p0.05)。意大利蝗成蟲晝夜均有飛行,但飛行活動相對集中于白天的10:00和15:00-16:00時最為集中,飛行日節(jié)律屬于白日飛行。意大利蝗各蟲態(tài)的過冷卻點(diǎn)均符服從正態(tài)分布;各蟲態(tài)的過冷卻點(diǎn)及冰點(diǎn)有所差異,其中卵的過冷卻點(diǎn)及冰點(diǎn)最低(p0.05),3齡過冷卻點(diǎn)最高(p0.05)其他各齡蝗及成蟲雌雄之間過冷卻點(diǎn)均無顯著性差異(p0.05)。環(huán)境溫度為41℃時,雌成蟲和雄成蟲的LT50和LT90均最長,分別為623.83 h、1 604.98 h和459.52 h、1 181.97 h;成蟲的體溫與環(huán)境溫度均呈極顯著的線性關(guān)系(p0.01);當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度以0.5℃·min-1速率上升時,成蟲的體溫升高速率均呈極顯著的線性關(guān)系(p0.01);當(dāng)環(huán)境溫度以0.5℃·min-1速率上升時,成蟲的體溫升高速率在0.30℃·min-1-0.36℃·min-1,其中雄成蟲體溫升高速率(0.36℃·min-1)顯著高于雌成蟲(0.30℃·min-1)。意大利蝗各發(fā)育歷期與恒溫(23℃-35℃)呈極顯著負(fù)線性關(guān)系(p0.01),26℃,29℃,32℃,35℃,變溫全世代發(fā)育歷期分別為77.69 d、48.54 d、46.91 d、37.39 d、80.01d;單雌產(chǎn)卵量在32℃條件下顯著最高(54.49粒),26℃下最低(41.33粒);卵的孵化率、蝗蝻期及成蟲產(chǎn)卵前期的存活率在32℃均最高,分別為97.78%、86.19%和88.68%;23℃下最低,分別為95.60%、72.62%和0%;其在26℃-35℃恒溫范圍內(nèi)意大利蝗種群凈增值率R0、內(nèi)稟增長率rm、種群趨勢指數(shù)I和世代存活率S與溫度t之間均呈拋物線關(guān)系均呈拋物線關(guān)系,其中以32℃的卵孵化率(97.78%)、世代存活率(29.46%)、單雌產(chǎn)卵量(54.49粒)、生命參數(shù)(凈值率R0為8.38 d-1、內(nèi)稟增長力rm為0.044 5 d-1和周限增長率λ為1.002 0 d-1)均最高;且具有偏喜高溫的生物學(xué)特性。26℃-35℃是意大利蝗種群生長發(fā)育繁殖的適宜溫度,其中以32℃為最適溫度,且23℃為不適宜溫度。自然條件下,意大利蝗各發(fā)育階段的死亡率由高到低分別為41.02%(卵)、32.00%(1齡蝗蝻)、18.18%(產(chǎn)卵前期)、8.33%(2齡蝗蝻)、5.71%(5齡蝗蝻)、5.67%(3齡蝗蝻)、3.35%(4齡蝗蝻)。意大利蝗自然種群的死亡集中于卵期、1齡蝗蝻期;自然種群的累計(jì)存活率為28.90%;意大利蝗雌成蟲產(chǎn)卵1-5次,第1-5次的產(chǎn)卵量分別為38.94粒、39.73粒、36.43粒、32.33粒、41粒;自然種群的凈值率R0、內(nèi)稟增長力rm、周限增長率λ、種群倍增時間td和世代平均歷期T分別為16.17d-1、0.0445 d-1、1.005 d-1、32.54 d、130.89 d。
[Abstract]:This paper studied the Italy locust biology and life table, the biological credits for embryo development and embryo development stage of diapause eggs, cold, free amino acids, overwintering eggs flying ability, ovarian development and temperature tolerance; life table is divided into experimental population and natural population life table. Italy locust embryo development can be divided into for the 18 stage; Italy locust embryo reverse rotation period and transfer to the mobile 3 rotation mode; the occurrence of Italy diapause egg embryo development stage XII stage; under natural conditions, Italy locust eggs (early to mid July 27th -8 16 eggs in diapause state in winter). The following year in April 16th to continue development; the late spawning (August 28th -9 4) has not yet been developed to the stage of embryonic XII, and since the beginning of November 4th to tenth stage embryo overwintering, the following year in March 29th to continue the development; in natural conditions. Under the Italy locust eggs since January 21st part of ovum diapause, with prolonged time of the overwintering diapause eggs gradually increased, March 29th ovum completely diapause. Under natural conditions, Italy egg egg primiparous 48.68%-50.61% moisture content, water content increase postpartum 44-61d egg 60.33%-62.48%, postpartum 45-217d content maintain in 59.16%-67.53%, until March 29th the following year egg content rapidly increased to 75.89%-77.43%, near the body moisture before hatching eggs 78.62%-79.37%; Italy locust egg supercooling point and temperature showed strong correlation between Hou, from October to January of the following year, Hou temperature decreased gradually, supercooling point also decreased gradually; to January Hou (-3.29 C) the lowest temperature the supercooling points (-21.45, C) is the lowest, the following year in January to March, Hou temperature rises gradually, the supercooling points are also increased. The Italy locust egg cold hardiness has obvious seasonal adaptability. Italy locust egg development optimum temperature range of 22 DEG -32 DEG, suitable relative water content in the range of soil 35%-55%; in mid August the locust egg hatching rate is highest; the optimum combination of factors of the egg as a constant temperature of 27 DEG C - relative soil water content of 45%-8 in mid March. The temperature (T0) and the developmental duration of eggs the (T) is a significant negative correlation between linear (T=-5.612 8T0+25.564, R2=0.7932); the 5% relative soil water content in developmental period was significantly lower than the developmental period of relative soil water content of 15%-55% (P0.05); early August, mid the egg developmental period was significantly longer than that in mid August the spawning period (P0.05) the hatching rate of eggs and development. The main factors were the period of relative soil water content and temperature. Italy locust of overwintering eggs containing 17 kinds of amino acids. The content of total free amino acids from the diapause period to the diapause period gradually decreased, and hidden period rose slightly nymphs, but always low The total amino acid content during diapause diapause. Alanine, proline, glutamic acid, methionine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and maintain a high content of post diapause decreased by 21.08%, respectively, 19.48%, 22.18% diapause period 26.71%, 31.14%, 20.96%. Italy locust eggs in more winter diapause period and post diapause glutamate remains the highest. Italy locust ovary development is divided into 5 main stages (grade I, II, III, VI, V), the class II subdivision for the early stage of 2 sub grade, divided into early, middle, late, at the end of the 4 sub classes. The process of ovarian development showed that ovary length in early growth gently, in the late growth, ovary width of relatively slow growth, ovarian area is exponential growth. Italy locust ovary development mainly concentrated in the later stage. The day (8:00-20:00), Italy locust female worms start flying from 2 days to 6 days of age (age, time of flight 18 .22 min, the flight distance is 231.01 m, the flight speed of 12.59 m - min-1, flight 76%) flight capacity reached a significant percentage of the highest (P0.05), 6-10 day old flight capacity gradually decreased; male adults aged 2 days of flight capacity significantly (P0.05), the maximum flight time, flight distance, flight speed and flight percentage respectively. 0.64 min, 13.34 m, 15.70 m min-1,40.00%, 2-10 day old flight capacity gradually decreased. Consistent with the variation of different grades and different age of ovarian flight capacity, the grade II ovarian (6 days old) flight capacity significantly (P0.05). The highest Italy locust adults both day and night flight, but the flight activity is relatively on day 10:00 and 15:00-16:00 is most concentrated on day flight. Flight rhythm belongs to the supercooling point of Italy locust of different stages were consistent with normal distribution; supercooling point and freezing point of difference in different stages, the egg cooling 鐐瑰強(qiáng)鍐扮偣鏈，

本文編號：1645934