本文選題：長期施肥試驗　切入點：肥力質(zhì)量　出處：《湖南師范大學》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)長期定位實驗(LTAEs)是指持續(xù)時間20年以上且具有有一定規(guī)模,用于研究農(nóng)業(yè)過程的農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量、養(yǎng)分循環(huán)及環(huán)境效應的田間試驗,能為農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的生物學、生物地球化學和農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境評價提供有價值的信息。本研究以農(nóng)業(yè)部望城紅壤性水稻土生態(tài)環(huán)境重點野外科學觀測試驗站和中國農(nóng)科院祁陽紅壤試驗站為平臺,研究了不同施肥條件和土地耕作方式土壤肥力質(zhì)量的演變規(guī)律以及重金屬污染狀況、有效態(tài)和形態(tài)分配規(guī)律。主要研究結(jié)果如下：長期施肥對土壤理化性質(zhì)的影響研究結(jié)果表明：長期施化肥可能導致土壤酸化,尤其是施氮肥,是導致土壤酸化的主要原因。紅壤稻田施用稻草及豬糞都在一定程度上降低了土壤pH,紅壤旱地施豬糞則有效地提高了土壤pH；長期施用有機肥能有效提高土壤有機質(zhì)含量以及CEC。長期施肥對土壤養(yǎng)分影響的結(jié)果表明：施氮肥、有機肥或有機無機配施均能顯著提高土壤全氮與堿解氮含量。施磷肥和有機肥能有效提高土壤磷素含量,且紅壤旱地施有機肥土壤速效磷含量高于單施化肥；長期施鉀肥,對土壤全鉀影響不大,但施鉀肥、有機肥或有機無機配施,均能顯著提高土壤速效鉀含量。長期施肥對土壤重金屬化學行為的研究結(jié)果表明：望城紅壤稻田各施肥處理土壤重金屬Cd均超過國家土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量二級標準,其中施用豬糞處理Cd含量超過國家土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量三級標準。祁陽紅壤早地除NP與NK處理外,土壤Cd均已超過國家土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量二級標準,其中施豬糞處理超過三級標準,Cu含量超過國家土壤環(huán)境質(zhì)量二級標準,Zn有一定的積累,說明施豬糞是導致農(nóng)田重金屬積累的一個重要因素。長期施肥土壤重金屬主要形態(tài)為殘渣態(tài),施豬糞對土壤重金屬形態(tài)分配有顯著影響：與施NPK相比,施豬糞顯著提高土壤Cd積累,且以殘渣態(tài)為主,可還原態(tài)次之,弱酸提取態(tài)與可氧化態(tài)增幅不明顯；而施用豬糞使得其帶入土壤中的Cu則主要轉(zhuǎn)化為可還原態(tài)與可氧化態(tài)；對Zn元素而言,施豬糞對可氧化態(tài)含量增長作用不明顯,引入的Zn主要轉(zhuǎn)化為了其它幾種形態(tài)。望城紅壤稻田施有機肥能提高土壤Cu有效態(tài)含量,但對Cd及Pb有效態(tài)含量影響不大。祁陽紅壤旱地施豬糞顯著提高了Cd、Cu有效態(tài)含量,對Pb有效態(tài)含量影響不大。盡管施豬糞在一定程度上提高了土壤重金屬全量以及有效態(tài)含量,然而卻降低了土壤Cd和Pb的活化率,這可能是由于鎘、鉛與有機質(zhì)螯合形成的有機無機復合體溶解度降低,所以,盡管絕對量提高,相對有效性卻降低了。而施豬糞則能提高Cu活化率,可能是由于Cu容易與小分子有機酸結(jié)合,形成的復合體溶解度相對較高。通過逐步回歸分析可知,不同重金屬元素有效態(tài)含量影響的主要因素有所不同。Cu有效態(tài)含量主要受到Cu全量及CEC影響；Cd有效態(tài)含量主要受Cd全量及pH的影響；Zn有效態(tài)含量與CEC呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系；而Pb有效態(tài)含量則與有機質(zhì)含量及pH呈負相關(guān)。
[Abstract]:Long term agricultural ecosystem experiment (LTAEs) refers to the duration of more than 20 years and has a certain scale, for the study of agricultural crop production process, field test of nutrient cycling and environmental effects, for biological agricultural sustainable development, provide valuable information on biogeochemical and agricultural environmental assessment. The research on Agriculture Department of Wangcheng red paddy soil ecological environment key field scientific observation station and Qiyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Chinese red soil experimental station platform, the evolution law of the different conditions of fertilization and farming land soil fertility quality and heavy metal pollution, effective state and shape distribution. The main results are as follows: To study the influence of long-term fertilization on soil chemical properties indicate that long-term fertilization may lead to soil acidification, especially Shi Danfei, is the leading cause of raw soil acidification Because rice straw and pig manure application. To a certain extent, decreased soil pH, pig manure, upland red soil can effectively improve soil pH; long term application of organic manure can effectively improve the effect of soil organic matter content and CEC. of long term fertilization on soil nutrients showed that nitrogen fertilizer, organic fertilizer or organic inorganic fertilizer could significantly increase the soil total nitrogen and alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen. Nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer could improve soil phosphorus content, organic fertilizer and upland soil available phosphorus content is higher than the chemical fertilizer; long-term Shi Jiafei effect on soil total potassium is not big, but the application of potassium fertilizer, organic fertilizer or inorganic fertilizer organic fertilizer were can significantly improve the content of available potassium in soil. Long term fertilization on soil chemical behavior of heavy metals. The results showed that: Wangcheng red paddy soil heavy metal Cd in all treatments are more than two national standards of soil environment quality The application of pig manure treatment, Cd content of more than three national standards of soil environment quality in Qiyang province. The earliest except NP and NK treatment, soil Cd has more than two national standards of soil environment quality, the pig manure processing more than three standard Cu content than the national soil environmental quality standard level two, Zn has a certain the accumulation of that pig manure is an important factor leading to the accumulation of heavy metals in farmland. The main forms of long-term fertilization for soil heavy metal residue, pig manure had significant effect on the speciation distribution of heavy metals in soil: compared with NPK fertilizer, pig manure increased soil Cd accumulation, and the residual iiifraction reducible second. Acid extractable state and oxidation state was not obvious; and the pig manure into soil Cu was mainly transformed into reducible and oxidizable elements; on Zn, pig manure on oxidizable content increase With the introduction of Zn is not obvious, mainly converted to several other forms. Wangcheng red paddy soil organic fertilizer could improve soil available Cu content, but had little effect on Cd and Pb. The effective content of Qiyang red soil upland pig manure significantly increased Cd, Cu of available content, available Pb content has little effect. Although pig manure increased the soil heavy metal total and available content to a certain extent, but it lowers the activation rate of soil Cd and Pb, which may be due to cadmium, organic and inorganic compound decreased, the solubility of lead and organic chelate forming so as to improve the absolute quantity, relative efficiency is decreased. Pig manure can improve the activation ratio of Cu, probably due to Cu easily with small molecular organic acids with relatively high solubility. The complex formed by stepwise regression analysis shows that the effect of available content mainly due to different heavy metals. The content of available.Cu is mainly affected by total Cu and CEC. The effective content of Cd is mainly affected by total Cd and pH, Zn effective state is positively correlated with CEC, while Pb effective state is negatively correlated with organic matter content and pH.

【學位授予單位】：湖南師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：S158;X53

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