發(fā)布時間：2018-03-15 06:26

  本文選題：江蘇　切入點：播期　出處：《南京信息工程大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：水稻是我國重要的糧食作物,對于國家糧食安全穩(wěn)定具有重要意義,但當前水稻面臨著不同氣象災害的影響,尤其是高溫熱害。適宜播期的選擇能有效地降低水稻遭受高溫危害的程度,從而實現水稻的高產和穩(wěn)產。因此,本文以兩個高溫指標(連續(xù)3d及以上最高氣溫(Tmax)≥35℃和均溫(Tave)≥30℃)對江蘇7個站點1966～2015年高溫熱害的情況進行時間和空間上的分析;繼而基于2012和2013年兩年的試驗數據,分析播期對水稻生長發(fā)育及產量的影響,為適宜播期的選擇提供理論上的支撐;在上述基礎上,對原ORYZA2000模型進行光合、呼吸和穗干物質分配系數部分溫度因子上的改進;最后,運用改進后的模型對南京和吳縣東山兩個高溫發(fā)生比較嚴重的站點進行4個播期1966～2015年高溫情況的模擬和評估,為適宜播期的選擇提供參考。得到的主要結論如下:(1) 1966～2015年間,江蘇地區(qū)Tmax≥35℃和Tave≥30°C兩個臨界溫度可能出現的時間基本都處在125～250d之間,其中175～225d之間Tmax≥35℃發(fā)生概率主要以低于Tave發(fā)生概率為主,并且除徐州站外,其余站點越接近210d,Tmax≥35℃發(fā)生概率與Tave≥30℃相差越大;過去50年水稻生長季內(4～10月)各月連續(xù)3d及以上Tmax≥35℃和Tave≥30℃的天數及積溫的各月均值在同一站點的情況基本一致,最高值出現在7月;多年變化趨勢整體以增溫為主,但均溫指標更明顯。兩個高溫中心多年均處在江蘇的西南部,并隨著時間推移向東南方向移動,但最高氣溫對應的高溫中心多年移動范圍更大。(2)播期的差異造成了生育階段與氣象因子配置的不同。兩個高溫指標顯示各播期受高溫危害的程度基本一致。在水稻高溫敏感階段內,2012年第1播期出現1次輕度高溫熱害,2013年第2和3播期均出現1次重度,第4播期出現1次輕度;而抽穗開花期僅2013年第2和3播期出現連續(xù)7d的中度高溫。而不同播期各生育階段對應氣象因子的差異又造成了生育階段長度及產量的不同。相關分析結果表明,2012年和2013年前兩個播期產量均與后三個播期產量差異達到顯著性水平(p0.05)。分析各生育階段長度和產量與各階段平均日最高氣溫、均溫、降水和輻射的關系發(fā)現,與溫度因子的關系相對最緊密,尤其是平均日最高氣溫。(3)調整最大光合速率與溫度的關系,改進呼吸速率計算過程中的葉溫和穗溫,同時對穗干物質分配系數進行高溫訂正,以此對模型進行改進,并分別對改進前后模型的模擬結果與實際值進行比較。相比改進前,改進后模型模擬穗生物量、綠葉生物量、枯葉生物量、LAI和產量與實測值的均方根誤差(RMSE)和歸一化均方根誤差(NRMSE)都有所減小,其中產量和穗生物量的NRMSE減小較為明顯,分別減小和2.23%和1.83%;而從模擬值和實測值的1:1圖來看,改進后模型對2013年地上部分總生物量的模擬效果有所提高,模擬值和實測值的線性回歸系數更接近1。運用改進后的模型分別對南京和吳縣東山兩個站點1966～2015年120d、130d、140d和151d四個播期在實際氣象條件和常年氣象條件下的產量進行模擬。從整個50年高溫對產量的影響來看,兩個站點均表現為120d播期受高溫影響造成的減產年份最多,產量減少總體最明顯;而151d播期產量變化率波動最小,且減產都不明顯,因此,認為選擇151d左右作為這兩個站點的播期更有利于獲得產量的穩(wěn)定。
[Abstract]:Rice is an important food crop in China, is of great significance for the national food security and stability, but the current rice faced with influence of different meteorological disasters, especially high temperature. Suitable sowing selection can effectively reduce the temperature of rice suffered damage, so as to realize rice production. Therefore, this paper takes two a high temperature index (continuous 3D and above the highest temperature more than 35 DEG C (Tmax) and temperature (Tave) of more than 30 DEG C) were analyzed in terms of time and space at 7 stations in Jiangsu for 1966~2015 years of heat damage; then based on the test data of 2012 and 2013 for two years, analyzed the effect of sowing date on growth and yield rice, for providing a theoretical support for the choice of sowing date; on the basis of the above, the original ORYZA2000 model of photosynthesis, respiration and panicle dry matter distribution coefficient of temperature improved factor; finally, using the improved The model of the 4 sowing period of 1966~2015 years of high temperature environment simulation and evaluation of Nanjing and Wuxian Dongshan two high temperature serious site, suitable sowing date for the reference. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) 1966~2015, Tmax in Jiangsu area of more than 35 DEG C and Tave = 30 ~ C two the critical temperature of the possible time basically in 125 ~ 250D, 175 ~ 225d between Tmax = 35 DEG C to Tave below the probability of occurrence probability, and in addition to the XuZhou Railway Station, the site is close to 210D, Tmax more than 35 DEG C and the probability of Tave less than 30 DEG C is bigger; the past 50 years the growth of rice the quarter (4~10 months) days and accumulated temperature of each month continuous 3D and above Tmax = 35 and Tave = 30 DEG C of the monthly average in the same site is basically the same, the highest value in July years; the overall trend to increase the temperature of the main, but refers to the temperature The subject is more obvious. Two years are in the high temperature center in southwestern Jiangsu, and with the passage of time, moving to the southeast, but the high temperature center moving range corresponding to the maximum temperature for many years more. (2) sowing time difference caused by the growth stage and the meteorological factors of different configurations. Two high temperature indicators in different sowing dates under high temperature, the extent of the damage is basically the same. In rice high temperature sensitive stage in 2012 first sowing 1 mild heat damage, 2013 second and third sowing period was 1 severe, fourth sowing 1 mild and flowering stage; only in 2013 second and third sowing of consecutive 7d moderate high temperature differences and different. Sowing in different growth stages and corresponding meteorological factors resulting in length and yield in different growth stages. The results of correlation analysis showed that in 2012 and 2013 two before sowing and yield were three months after sowing yield difference reached significant level (P0.05) analysis. The highest temperature, the average length of each growth stage and yield with different stages of temperature, precipitation and radiation that the relationship between the temperature and the relative factors most closely, especially the average daily maximum temperature. (3) the adjustment of the relationship between the maximum photosynthetic rate and temperature, leaf temperature and calculation process ear temperature improved the respiratory rate, and temperature correction on the spike dry matter distribution coefficient, in order to improve the model, and respectively before and after the improvement of model simulation results were compared with the actual value. Compared with before improvement, the improved model simulation of spike biomass, leaf biomass, leaf biomass, root mean square error and LAI the yield and the measured value (RMSE) and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) is reduced, the yield and spike biomass of NRMSE decreased significantly, and decreased 2.23% and 1.83% respectively; and from the simulated and measured values of 1:1 chart, improvement After the 2013 model of the total aboveground biomass of the simulation results improved, simulation of linear regression coefficient value and the measured value is closer to 1. using the improved model respectively in Nanjing and Wuxian Dongshan two sites 1966~2015 years 120d, 130d, 140d and 151d four sowing dates as perennial conditions and meteorological conditions in the actual production of gas from the simulation. The whole 50 years of high temperature on the yield of view, the two sites showed 120d sowing time affected by high temperature caused by the reduction of the year most, the most obvious decrease of overall yield; sowing date and 151d yield change rate minimum volatility, and production is not obvious, therefore, think about 151d as more sowing time of these two sites to obtain stable production.

【學位授予單位】：南京信息工程大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S511;S42

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