發(fā)布時間：2018-03-05 12:50

  本文選題：秸稈還田　切入點：玉米　出處：《內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：秸稈是豐富的可再生生物資源,秸稈還田不但能改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)、提高土壤養(yǎng)分含量,從而培肥地力,提升耕地質(zhì)量,進(jìn)一步增加作物產(chǎn)量。本研究以位于內(nèi)蒙古東部興安盟扎賚特旗的典型黑土區(qū)作為研究對象,通過研究5個不同秸稈還田量(9000、10500、12000、13500、15000kg/hm2,CK為0)對黑土地土壤物理、化學(xué)及生物學(xué)性狀以及玉米產(chǎn)量的影響,闡明秸稈還田后,隨生育進(jìn)程逐漸腐解、向土壤轉(zhuǎn)化過程中土壤理化特性的變化趨勢,明確秸稈還田對黑土的改良機(jī)制,為秸稈還田改善黑土土壤質(zhì)量提供理論依據(jù)。結(jié)果表明:1.與CK相比,秸稈還田各處理均導(dǎo)致玉米苗期和成熟期0-10cm 土層溫度提高,而拔節(jié)期和灌漿期的土壤溫度則降低。與拔節(jié)期和灌漿期的降溫幅度相比,秸稈還田各處理在苗期和成熟期的增溫幅度更顯著,且隨著秸稈還田量的增加,增溫幅度增大,JG5處理地表溫度增幅最為顯著。秸稈還田各處理顯著降低了灌漿期0-20cm 土層的土壤容重,整體表現(xiàn)為隨著秸稈還田量的增加,土壤容重降幅越顯著。2.苗期與拔節(jié)期,秸稈還田各處理0-10cm和10-20cm 土層的土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量顯著提高,且隨著還田量的增加,有機(jī)質(zhì)含量增幅越大。秸稈還田各處理使灌漿期各土層土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量大幅提高,且隨著還田量的增加,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量增幅越大。秸稈還田處理土壤硝態(tài)氮(NO3--N)和銨態(tài)氮(NH4+-N)含量都隨著生育期的推進(jìn)逐漸下降,且苗期各土層的NO3--N、NH4+-N含量均高于其他時期。還田量小于12000kg/hm2的各處理對土壤硝態(tài)氮和銨態(tài)氮含量無明顯影響。當(dāng)還田量超過12000kg/hm2時,秸稈還田各處理可明顯提高土壤硝態(tài)氮和銨態(tài)氮含量,并且增幅與秸稈還田量呈正相關(guān)關(guān)系。3.秸稈還田各處理對土壤酶活性的影響主要集中在0-20cm 土層。0-20cm 土層的蔗糖酶活性,JG4和JG5較CK分別提高了 51.5%和38.8%。各處理明顯提高了土壤0-20cm 土層的脲酶活性;20-40cm和40-60cm 土層各處理過氧化氫酶活性無顯著差異。秸稈還田各處理均不同程度提高了土壤0-20cm 土層的過氧化氫酶活性,且隨著還田量的增加,過氧化氫酶活性提高幅度也隨之增大;秸稈還田的各處理均不同程度的增加了 0-20cm和20-40cm 土層的堿性磷酸酶活性,就各土層的平均值而言,堿性磷酸酶活性表現(xiàn)為JG4、JG5最高,JG1、CK最低,各處理較CK分別提高了 49.2%、37.5%、22.3%、15.2%和6.3%。秸稈還田各處理均不同程度提高了成熟期0-20cm 土層土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物生物量氮,方差分析結(jié)果表明,JG5與JG4與CK相比提高幅度最明顯,較CK分別提高了 36.2%和33.3%和94.5%和86.6%(P0.05)。4.秸稈還田各處理均不同程度提高了玉米的千粒重和產(chǎn)量,且隨著還田量的增加,產(chǎn)量增幅越顯著。各處理間具體表現(xiàn)為:JG5JG4JG3JG2JG1,各處理的千粒重和產(chǎn)量較 CK 分別提高了 12.0%、11.4%、10.8%、9.3%、3.9%和 7.1%、5.1%、2.9%、2.4%、1.7%。
[Abstract]:Straw is a rich renewable biological resource. Returning straw to the field can not only improve the soil structure and increase the soil nutrient content, but also improve the fertility of soil and improve the quality of cultivated land. In this study, the black soil physics of black soil was studied in the typical black soil area located in Zhalai Banner of XingUNITA in the east of Inner Mongolia. The soil physics of black soil was studied by means of 5 different straw returning quantities of 10000g / 100,000kg / hm ~ (2) N ~ (-1) 2000 ~ 13500kg / hm ~ (2) N ~ (-1) ~ (-1) kg / hm ~ (2) N ~ (CK). The effects of chemical and biological characters as well as maize yield were discussed, and the changing trend of soil physical and chemical properties in the process of transformation from straw to soil was clarified, and the improvement mechanism of straw returning to black soil was clarified. The results showed that compared with CK, the treatments of straw returning to the field increased the temperature of 0-10cm soil layer in seedling and maturity stage of maize. The soil temperature of jointing stage and filling stage was lower than that of jointing stage and filling stage. Compared with the cooling range of jointing stage and filling stage, the temperature increasing range of straw returning to the field was more significant in seedling and mature stage, and with the increase of straw returning to the field, The soil bulk density of 0-20cm soil layer in filling stage was significantly decreased by straw returning treatment, and the decrease of soil bulk density was more significant with the increase of straw returning amount, the more significant the decrease of soil bulk density was at seedling stage and jointing stage. The content of soil organic matter in 0-10cm and 10-20cm soil layers increased significantly, and with the increase of returning amount, the content of soil organic matter increased significantly. With the increase of returning amount, the content of soil organic matter increased, and the contents of nitrate no _ 3-N and NH _ 4-N decreased gradually with the development of growth period. The nitrate and ammonium nitrogen contents in different soil layers at seedling stage were higher than those in other periods, and the contents of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen were not affected when the return amount was less than 12 000 kg / hm ~ 2. When the return amount was more than 12 000 kg / hm ~ 2, there was no significant effect on the nitrate and ammonium nitrogen contents in the soil, and when the return amount was more than 12 000 kg / hm ~ (2), The content of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in soil could be increased by straw returning treatment. The effect of straw returning treatment on soil enzyme activity was mainly concentrated in 0-20cm soil layer and 0-20cm soil layer. JG4 and JG5 increased by 51.5% and 38.8 respectively compared with CK. There was no significant difference in catalase activity between the treatments of 20-40cm and 40-60cm soil layers, but the catalase activity of 0-20cm soil layer was increased by straw returning treatment. With the increase of returning amount, the activity of catalase also increased, and the alkaline phosphatase activity of 0-20cm and 20-40cm soil layer was increased in different degree by straw returning treatment, as far as the average value of each soil layer was concerned, The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was the lowest in JG4, JG5, the highest JG1CK, and increased by 49.2% and 6.30.5%, respectively, compared with CK. The soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen in 0-20cm soil layer were increased in different degree by straw returning treatment. The results of variance analysis showed that JG5 increased significantly compared with JG4 and CK, and increased by 36.2% and 33.3%, 94.5% and 86.6P0.05U 路4.The yield and 1000-grain weight of maize were increased in different degree by straw returning treatment, and the yield increased with the increase of return amount. The higher the yield was, the more significant the yield was. The specific performance of the treatments was as follows: 1: JG5JG4JG3JG2JG1. The 1000-grain weight and yield of each treatment were 12.0% higher than that of CK, 12.0% higher than that of CK, 10.8% and 9.3% higher than CK, respectively.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S141.4;S513

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