本文關(guān)鍵詞： 黑土區(qū) 溝蝕演化過程 地面立體攝影測量 AnnAGNPS 遙感　出處：《中國科學(xué)院研究生院(東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：研究黑土區(qū)不同類型坡耕地溝蝕演化過程及效應(yīng)對侵蝕溝防治具有重要的意義。受限于已有研究基礎(chǔ)及數(shù)據(jù)獲取方法,目前關(guān)于黑土區(qū)溝蝕演化過程的研究薄弱。因此,本文以黑土區(qū)坡耕地細(xì)溝、淺溝及切溝為研究對象,采用遙感影像與溝蝕模型相結(jié)合的方法,并結(jié)合自行發(fā)明的立體攝影測量監(jiān)測細(xì)溝發(fā)育過程的實驗方案,建立了適宜于野外徑流小區(qū)監(jiān)測細(xì)溝侵蝕過程的方法,評價了模型模擬淺溝發(fā)育過程的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),研究了黑土區(qū)坡耕地細(xì)溝、淺溝及切溝等不同尺度侵蝕溝的空間演化過程,并結(jié)合農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)實際情況,評價了溝蝕危害及相應(yīng)防治措施的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。主要結(jié)論如下:(1)基于自行研制的地面立體攝影技術(shù)監(jiān)測坡面小區(qū)尺度細(xì)溝侵蝕發(fā)育過程的實施方案,初步研究了坡面細(xì)溝侵蝕發(fā)育過程。該方案能夠獲取坡面尺度的次降雨徑流侵蝕及融雪侵蝕導(dǎo)致的細(xì)溝發(fā)育過程的數(shù)字地面模型數(shù)據(jù),具有成本低、快速、精度高、非直接接觸,易操作,適宜于多種立地條件,且可長歷時動態(tài)觀測的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。該方法獲取的侵蝕量與實測侵蝕量的誤差為50%,基本滿足精度要求�；谠摲椒ǐ@取了2015年度降雨徑流侵蝕下的細(xì)溝侵蝕發(fā)育過程。隨著降雨次數(shù)的增多,坡面的微地形起伏降低,坡面變平滑,坡面變異系數(shù)由57%下降為53%;但坡面侵蝕深度與沉積厚度均加強(qiáng),侵蝕深度增大了7 mm,而沉積深度增大了11 mm。同時坡面線狀水流的密度降低,但形成了主水流,襲奪周圍細(xì)小水流,寬度增大;在主水流的基礎(chǔ)上形成細(xì)溝。坡腳處首先形成細(xì)溝,細(xì)溝溯源侵蝕逐漸向坡中上部發(fā)展。雨季前期細(xì)溝侵蝕主要過程為溝底下切與溯源侵蝕;而在雨季后期主要過程為細(xì)溝增寬。(2)基于AnnAGNPS模型模擬了坡耕地淺溝發(fā)育過程及經(jīng)濟(jì)損失。敏感性分析顯示該模型模擬淺溝發(fā)育過程的主要誤差來源是溝頭侵蝕系數(shù)(HDC)。假設(shè)用以填埋淺溝的區(qū)域?qū)挾葹? m,則該區(qū)域每年因填埋淺溝而造成的淺溝周圍耕層厚度下降速度約為1 cm y-1。結(jié)合作物產(chǎn)量與耕層厚度關(guān)系式,計算出因填埋淺溝而耕層厚度下降導(dǎo)致的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失年均值為$11 hm-2y-1。當(dāng)在淺溝區(qū)域布設(shè)草筏子時,作物產(chǎn)量下降的成本加上草筏子的建筑成本之和是淺溝侵蝕造成產(chǎn)量下降經(jīng)濟(jì)損失的170倍。故因此從經(jīng)濟(jì)方面考慮,在缺乏外來資金投入或政策支持情形下,農(nóng)民對布設(shè)溝蝕防治措施的自發(fā)主動性不高。(3)基于1968年與2009年的亞米級遙感影像分析了典型黑土區(qū)切溝演化過程及影響因素。截至1968年,該區(qū)域切溝侵蝕已經(jīng)度過了初期的溝長迅速發(fā)展的階段。2009年侵蝕溝的基本分布在1968年已經(jīng)形成。從1968年起主要的溝蝕發(fā)展過程是侵蝕溝的合并與溝寬的發(fā)展。簡單溝與復(fù)雜溝的平均流域坡度值的范圍近似,但復(fù)雜溝的平均流域面積遠(yuǎn)大于簡單溝,表明相對于流域平均坡度,流域面積對侵蝕溝發(fā)育的影響更大。流域面積與平均坡度對侵蝕溝發(fā)育的協(xié)同作用使得在研究侵蝕溝發(fā)育時要同時考慮二者。在本區(qū)域簡單溝與復(fù)雜溝的流域面積閾值約為15-25 hm2。該閾值能夠預(yù)測在相似的環(huán)境條件下,在給定的流域中能夠發(fā)育的侵蝕溝類型。由于侵蝕溝的深度過大,因此在該區(qū)域?qū)嵤┩烁�林很難有效的治理侵蝕的發(fā)展,應(yīng)當(dāng)采取恰當(dāng)?shù)墓こ檀胧�。此外由于新成溝占所有侵蝕溝的面積僅為7%,因此如果新成溝的發(fā)展為目前保留溝的大小,侵蝕溝危害將會翻倍。
[Abstract]:Study on different types of Sloping Farmland in black soil area of gully erosion evolution process and effect has important significance to the prevention of erosion ditch acquisition method. On the foundation of the research and the limitation of the existing data, the current research on the evolution of the black soil area of gully erosion is weak. Therefore, the rill slope farmland, shallow gully and gully as the research object, method using remote sensing image and gully erosion model combined with the experimental scheme, combined with stereo photogrammetry monitoring rill self invented development process, established a suitable method for monitoring field runoff plots of rill erosion process, the advantages and disadvantages of the evaluation model for shallow gully development process of rill, sloping farmland in the black soil region, the process of evolution shallow ditch and gully erosion in different scale, combined with the actual situation of agricultural production, assessment of gully erosion hazards and prevention measures of economic benefits. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) base In the implementation plan developed by the ground stereo technology monitoring plot scale slope rill erosion development process, a preliminary study of rill erosion development process. This scheme can obtain the slope scale development of rainfall runoff erosion and rill erosion caused by snowmelt DTM data, has the advantages of low cost, fast, high precision, non direct contact, easy to operate, suitable for a variety of site conditions, and long duration dynamic observation and measure error. The advantages of this method for erosion erosion is 50%, basically meet the accuracy requirements. Based on the method of obtaining the 2015 annual rainfall runoff erosion and rill erosion under the process of development. With the increasing of rainfall frequency. To reduce the micro topography slope, slope smooth slope, the coefficient of variation decreased from 57% to 53%; but the erosion depth and thickness are strengthened, the erosion depth. The 7 mm, and the deposition depth increased by 11 mm. and the linear flow density decreased slope, but the formation of the main flow, capture all the small flow, increasing the width of rill formation; based on the main flow. The toe first formed rill rill, headward erosion gradually to the upper slope. The rill erosion mainly early rainy season the process for the ditch bottom cutting and headward erosion; while in the main process for rill late rainy season widened. (2) AnnAGNPS model to simulate the development process and the economic loss of shallow gully slope land. Based on the sensitivity analysis showed that the main error sources of the model to simulate the shallow gully development process is gully head erosion coefficient (HDC) hypothesis to. The width of the shallow trench landfill area is 5 m, around the area of topsoil thickness shallow trench landfill each year due to shallow gully caused by the decline in the rate of about 1 cm y-1. combined with the relationship between crop yield and soil thickness, calculated for shallow trench landfill The topsoil thickness average annual economic losses led to a decline in value of $11 hm-2y-1. in the shallow gully region when the grass raft layout, the construction cost of declining crop yields cost plus grass raft and is caused by 170 times the yield decreased economic losses. Therefore the ephemeral gully erosion from the economic considerations, in the absence of external funding or policy to support the case, farmers on layout of gully control measures initiative is not high. (3) submeter remote sensing images in 1968 and 2009 based on the analysis of the typical black soil region gully evolution process and influencing factors. As of 1968, the area of gully erosion has passed the basic distribution of the initial channel length of a stage of rapid development.2009 years of gully erosion has been formed in 1968. From 1968 onwards the main gully erosion development process is combined with the width of the ditch erosion gully development. The average range of slope gully and gully basin simple complex value near Like, but the average area is far greater than the simple complex basin ditch ditch, compared with the average watershed slope, watershed area has more influence on gully development. The basin area and average slope of gully development due to the synergistic effect in the study of gully development should be taken into account when the two. In the area of simple ditch and drainage area the complex channel threshold is about 15-25 hm2. the threshold can be predicted in similar condition to erosion gully development in a given basin. Due to erosion gully erosion depth is too large, so the development of governance in the region of returning farmland to forest is difficult to have the effect, should adopt suitable engineering measures. In addition, since the new channel accounted for all the gully area is only 7%, so if the new channel for the development of the current reserve groove size, gully erosion hazards will be doubled.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)院研究生院(東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S157

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