本文關鍵詞：黑土區(qū)施用生物炭條件下的土壤水分運動與溶質運移模擬　出處：《東北農業(yè)大學》2016年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 生物炭 水分運動 溶質運移 坡耕地 黑土區(qū)

【摘要】：東北黑土是我國重要的土壤資源,同時黑土區(qū)也是我國重要的商品糧食生產和出口區(qū)域,糧食產能對于保障我國糧食安全具有至關重要的作用。然而該區(qū)多年平均降雨量少且分布不均,年降雨量的80%分布在7~9月份,降雨強度較大,再加上長期以來人類不合理的開發(fā)和利用,導致黑土區(qū)坡耕地水土壤資源流失現象日趨嚴重,黑土層逐年變薄、土地生產力降低,嚴重威脅著黑土區(qū)農業(yè)水土資源的可持續(xù)利用和社會經濟的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。因此,黑土區(qū)坡耕地水土資源的利用與保護迫在眉睫。本文基于以上背景,選擇位于東北典型黑土帶上的黑龍江省北安市紅星農場為試驗區(qū),以土壤改良劑秸稈生物炭為試驗材料,生物炭不僅可以提高土壤肥力、改善土壤結構、增加作物產量,還能固定碳素減緩氣候變化。黑龍江省不僅糧食產量大而且秸稈資源豐富,但秸稈利用率低,故秸稈生物炭應用于黑土區(qū)的改良達到了“一舉多得”的效果。從秸稈生物炭對黑土結構及理化性質、土壤水分運動和養(yǎng)分吸附與滯留等方面,研究生物炭施加于黑土區(qū)農田土壤中對土壤理化性質、土壤水分運動和溶質運移參數的影響,進而建立適合研究區(qū)域的土壤水分運動和溶質運移模型,對特定場次的降雨進行土壤水分分布和溶質運移模擬。得到初步結論如下:(1)生物炭添加到土壤中使耕層土壤的孔隙度增加,容重降低,改善了土壤結構。土壤飽和含水量、田間持水量、凋萎系數和土壤有效水均隨著施炭量的增加而增大,不同處理飽和含水量提高范圍為16.50%~32.27%;田間持水量提高范圍為0.32%~10.48%;凋萎系數提高范圍為:0.28%~10.69%;土壤有效水提高范圍為0.34%~10.36%。生物炭添加量對水分參數影響的顯著程度依次為飽和含水量、田間持水量、土壤有效水含量和凋萎系數。(2)土壤中的有機質、銨態(tài)氮、有效磷、速效鉀含量和p H值均隨施炭量的增加而變大,有機質和銨態(tài)氮含量與施炭量相關性顯著;有效磷、速效鉀以及p H值與施炭量并無顯著相關性。100t/hm2處理的土壤銨態(tài)氮、有效磷、速效鉀和有機質的空間分布較對照組相比,在含量和均勻程度上都優(yōu)于后者。土壤銨態(tài)氮和有效磷都與有機質表現出極顯著的正相關關系,銨態(tài)氮和有效磷也呈現出顯著的正相關關系,而速效鉀與有機質幾乎表現為負相關關系。(3)在土壤入滲過程中,對照處理的試驗用時最長,其次為25t/hm2、50t/hm2和75t/hm2處理,100t/hm2處理用時最短。同等時間內,添加生物炭處理的累積下滲量都高于對照處理。添加生物炭的土壤比對照土壤的飽和導水率增大幅度為14.05%~194.59%。生物炭施加量越大的處理,飽和導水率的增大程度越顯著,不同生物炭處理對土壤水分擴散率的影響不盡相同,土壤擴散率的大小關系為25t/hm250t/hm20t/hm275t/hm2100t/hm2。(4)添加生物炭對土壤持水性的影響有促進作用,當吸力在2~1100 k Pa變化時,各處理在最低吸力和最高吸力下的含水率差值分別為:0t/hm2(0.196 g·g~(-1))、25t/hm2(0.261g·g~(-1))、50t/hm2(0.259 g·g~(-1))、75t/hm2(0.258 g·g~(-1))和100t/hm2(0.298 g·g~(-1));有效含水量與生物炭的施加量之間基本呈正相關關系;孔隙度和土壤水分特征曲線均隨生物炭施加量的增加而增大;土壤水動力彌撒參數的模擬值基本表現為隨施炭量的增加而增大的趨勢。(5)通過對2015年7月和8月兩個典型月份的兩場降雨進行徑流小區(qū)的土壤全剖面水分和溶質分布情況的模擬表明,各處理土壤水分表現為由地表往下土壤含水率逐漸增大,隨著施炭量的增加,土壤垂直剖面范圍內含水量逐漸增加;降雨12 h后土壤表層含水量的變化情況不大,基本在一定范圍內呈上下波動狀態(tài),但生物炭施加量大的處理土壤水分在表層的波動相對較小,且含水量總體水平較高。各生物炭處理土壤表層溶質含量高于底層溶質含量,且溶質濃度隨施炭量的增加而增大。
[Abstract]:Black soil in Northeast China is an important soil resource in China. At the same time, black soil area is also an important commodity grain production and export area in China. Grain production capacity plays a crucial role in ensuring food security in China. However, the average rainfall in the area for many years and the uneven distribution, 80% of the annual rainfall distribution in 7~9 months, the rainfall intensity is larger, and the development and utilization of long-term since human irrational, resulting in black soil region of soil water resources loss in slope farmland is becoming more and more serious, black soil layer thinning, land productivity decreased year by year, a serious threat the sustainable development of agricultural water and soil resources in the black soil region of sustainable use and social economy. Therefore, the utilization and protection of soil and water resources in the sloping farmland in black soil area is imminent. Based on the above background, select the typical black soil zone is located in the northeast of the city of Bei'an Hongxing farm of Heilongjiang Province as a test area, the soil conditioner straw biochar as experimental materials, biological carbon can not only improve soil fertility, improve soil structure, increase crop yield, but also the fixed carbon mitigation of climate change. Heilongjiang province not only has large grain production but also has abundant straw resources, but the utilization rate of straw is low. Therefore, straw biochar applied to black soil improvement has achieved the effect of "multiple gains at one stroke". From the straw biochar on physical and chemical properties, soil structure and soil water movement and nutrient absorption and retention of biological effects of carbon, physical and chemical properties, soil water movement and solute transport parameters of soil on the soil in the black soil area, and then establish the soil water movement and solute transport model for the study area. For specific screenings of rainfall distribution of soil water and solute transport simulation. The preliminary conclusions are as follows: (1) the addition of biological carbon to soil increases the porosity of the plough soil, and reduces the bulk density, and improves the soil structure. The soil saturated water content, field capacity, wilting coefficient and soil available water increased with increasing nitrogen carbon amount, different treatment of saturated water content increased in the range of 16.50%~32.27%; field capacity increase range of 0.32%~10.48%; improve the wilting coefficient range: 0.28%~10.69%; soil available water to improve the range of 0.34%~10.36%. A significant degree of biochar addition on water parameters in saturated water content, field capacity, soil water content and wilting coefficient. (2) the contents of organic matter, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in soil and P H value increased with the increase of carbon application. There was a significant correlation between organic matter and ammonium nitrogen content and carbon application amount. There was no significant correlation between available phosphorus, available potassium and P H value and carbon application amount. The spatial distribution of ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter in soil treated by 100t/hm2 was better than that of the control group, and the content and uniformity of soil were better than those of the latter. Soil ammonium nitrogen and available phosphorus showed a significant positive correlation with organic matter, and ammonium nitrogen and available phosphorus also showed a significant positive correlation, while available potassium and organic matter almost showed a negative correlation. (3) in the process of soil infiltration, the test used for control was the longest, followed by 25t/hm2, 50t/hm2 and 75t/hm2 treatment, and 100t/hm2 treatment was the shortest. In the same time, the cumulative infiltration of biochar treatment was higher than that of the control treatment. The saturated water conductivity of soil added with biological carbon was increased by 14.05%~194.59% than that of the control soil. The greater the applied amount of biochar, the more significant the degree of saturated hydraulic conductivity increased. The effect of different biochar treatments on soil water diffusivity was different. The size of soil diffusivity was 25t/hm250t/hm20t/hm275t/hm2100t/hm2. (4) promote the effects of biochar on soil water holding capacity, when the 2~1100 K Pa changes in suction, the water content in the lowest and the highest suction suction rate under the difference were: 0t/hm2 (0.196 G - g~ (-1), 25t/hm2 (0.261g) - g~ (-1)), 50t/hm2 (0.259 G - g~ (-1)), 75t/hm2 (0.258 G - g~ (-1)) and 100t/hm2 (0.298 G - g~ (-1)); the basic positive correlation between the amount of available water and biological carbon; increase the porosity and the soil water characteristic curve with the increase of the amount of biochar applied; simulation of soil water dynamic mass parameter values the basic performance increases with increasing carbon content for the trend. (5) simulated runoff through the two months of July 2015 and August of two typical rainfall soil moisture profile and solute distribution showed that the soil moisture from the surface down to the soil moisture content increased gradually, with the increase in carbon content, soil water content gradually increased vertical scope changes; little rain after 12 h of surface soil moisture, basically in a certain range fluctuated, but biochar applied soil moisture at the surface of the large amount of volatility is relatively small, and the water level is higher. The surface solute content of soil surface was higher than that of the bottom solute, and the concentration of solute increased with the increase of carbon amount.
【學位授予單位】：東北農業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S152.7
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本文編號：1345218