本文選題：儲層表征　切入點(diǎn)：隨機(jī)模擬　出處：《中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)》2013年博士論文

【摘要】：油氣儲層的地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)及儲層參數(shù)是決定著儲層的儲量及產(chǎn)能的關(guān)鍵因素。因此,建立能夠表征儲層結(jié)構(gòu)及性質(zhì)的三維數(shù)字化模型已經(jīng)成為油田勘探開發(fā)中的一項(xiàng)重要工作。目前,進(jìn)行三維建模主要依賴于研究區(qū)域化變量空間結(jié)構(gòu)性和隨機(jī)性的地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)理論。由于傳統(tǒng)的基于變差模型的隨機(jī)模擬方法在描述復(fù)雜地質(zhì)對象空間幾何特征方面的局限,能夠表征空間多點(diǎn)之間相關(guān)關(guān)系的多點(diǎn)地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)理論應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。它結(jié)合了基于對象和基于像素隨機(jī)模擬方法優(yōu)點(diǎn),近十年來一直是儲層三維建模領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn)。 隨著研究的深入,對于地質(zhì)三維模型的規(guī)模和精細(xì)程度的要求日益提高。在進(jìn)行大規(guī)模精細(xì)地質(zhì)模擬時,逐點(diǎn)模擬的串行多點(diǎn)地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)模擬方法中存在的不足日益突出。首先,串行多點(diǎn)地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的模擬效果受輸入?yún)?shù)的影響。高質(zhì)量的模擬效果受到嚴(yán)格參數(shù)的限制,從而需要大量計(jì)算,導(dǎo)致運(yùn)行效率嚴(yán)重下降。其次,串行多點(diǎn)地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法在對地質(zhì)模式進(jìn)行建模時,需要大量的內(nèi)存空間。有限的物理內(nèi)存會使大規(guī)模的模擬失敗。逐點(diǎn)模擬的串行多點(diǎn)地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)模擬方法中的局限性使算法的實(shí)用性受到了嚴(yán)重影響。 本文從大規(guī)模三維精細(xì)地質(zhì)模擬的需要出發(fā),重點(diǎn)研究了基于通用圖形處理器(GPGPU)和計(jì)算統(tǒng)一設(shè)備架構(gòu)上(CUDA)的多點(diǎn)地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)領(lǐng)域的并行計(jì)算方法,包括應(yīng)用于離散變量和連續(xù)變量的并行隨機(jī)模擬方法及地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)模型的并行計(jì)算方法。本文的工作和創(chuàng)新主要體現(xiàn)在： 1.提出了應(yīng)用于離散地質(zhì)變量的并行SNESIM方法 ⅰ)根據(jù)GPU計(jì)算架構(gòu)的特點(diǎn),提出SNESIM并行方法的問題分解策略,實(shí)現(xiàn)了線程級別的問題劃分和計(jì)算任務(wù)的高度并行,顯著提高了計(jì)算效率。并且該并行策略不需要大量的內(nèi)存空間,增強(qiáng)了算法的適應(yīng)性。 ⅱ)為了減少GPU和CPU之間通信交互而造成的計(jì)算瓶頸,提出了基于GPU內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)緩沖的合并方案,并給出了兩種子問題并行合并策略,考慮了兼容性和內(nèi)存訪問沖突問題。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明了并行問題合并策略的有效性和計(jì)算效率。 ⅲ)考慮算法的特性和GPU的內(nèi)存模型,進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)了并行方法的GPU實(shí)現(xiàn)。不僅避免了對于模板偏移的大量復(fù)雜和重復(fù)的計(jì)算量,并且對高速共享內(nèi)存和只讀紋理內(nèi)存的使用進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化。 2.提出了應(yīng)用于連續(xù)地質(zhì)變量的并行Direct Sampling方法ⅰ)針對可變大小鄰域節(jié)點(diǎn)的搜索問題,改進(jìn)了對并行鄰域條件節(jié)點(diǎn)的搜索策略。通過穩(wěn)定的并行排序算法和輔助變量,顯著提高了鄰域條件節(jié)點(diǎn)的搜索效率。 ⅱ)針對對訓(xùn)練圖像上目標(biāo)點(diǎn)的選擇問題,提出了一種并行選取策略。通過改進(jìn)的并行規(guī)約二元函數(shù)算法,實(shí)現(xiàn)了訓(xùn)練圖像上目標(biāo)點(diǎn)選擇的并行化和確定性。 ⅲ)針對模擬大范圍地質(zhì)體的連續(xù)性的不足,提出了將搜索橢球概率與搜索領(lǐng)域結(jié)合的改進(jìn)方法,實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明了模擬結(jié)果的連續(xù)性得到顯著改善。 3.對于表征區(qū)域化變量相關(guān)關(guān)系的兩點(diǎn)地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)模型,提出了基于研究區(qū)域和統(tǒng)計(jì)量的兩種并行策略。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明了基于統(tǒng)計(jì)量的并行策略在計(jì)算效率方面優(yōu)于基于研究區(qū)域的策略。 總而言之,多點(diǎn)地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)逐點(diǎn)并行模擬方法與現(xiàn)有的串行方法相比,在并行計(jì)算與多點(diǎn)地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)模擬方法的結(jié)合中提出了新的思路,改進(jìn)了多點(diǎn)地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)隨機(jī)模擬方法在大規(guī)模三維建模中的適應(yīng)性,且大幅度提高了模擬效率。
[Abstract]:The geological structure and reservoir parameters of oil and gas reservoir is a critical factor of reserves and productivity of the reservoir. Therefore, to establish a three-dimensional digital model of reservoir structure and properties has become an important task for the exploration and development of oilfield. At present, the three-dimensional modeling mainly depends on the research on the regional spatial structure variables and the randomness of the geostatistics theory. Because the traditional stochastic simulation method based on variation model in describing complex geological object spatial geometry limitations to multi-point geostatistical theory came into being the relationship between characterization of multi point. It combines the advantages of object based and pixel based on the method of stochastic simulation, in recent ten years is a hot research field of 3D modeling of the storage layer.
With the in-depth study, the scale and sophistication of 3D geological model of the increasing demand. In large-scale fine geological modeling, simulation of serial point-to-point multiple point geostatistics modeling method are increasingly prominent. First, simulation results of serial multiple point geostatistics method by simulation of input parameters. The effect of high quality is strictly limits for parameters which need a large amount of calculation, resulting in a serious decline in efficiency. Secondly, geological statistics method in multi-point serial modeling of geological model, requires a large amount of memory space. Physical memory is limited and makes simulation failure. By simulation of large-scale serial multiple point geostatistics limitations of the method in the simulation of the practicability of the algorithm have been seriously affected.
From the needs of large-scale 3D geological simulation of focusing on the GPU based (GPGPU) and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) on the parallel computing method of multiple point geostatistics in the field of parallel computing method including parallel stochastic simulation method and the geological statistics model is applied to the discrete and continuous variables in this paper. The main work and innovation in:
1. a parallel SNESIM method applied to discrete geological variables is proposed.
I) according to the characteristics of GPU computing architecture, proposed a parallel SNESIM method of problem decomposition strategy, realize the division and computing task thread level parallelism, significantly improve the computational efficiency. And the parallel strategy does not require a lot of memory space, enhance the adaptability of the algorithm.
II) in order to reduce the computational bottleneck of communication between GPU and CPU caused by the proposed GPU merging scheme based on internal data buffer, and gives the parallel merging strategy of two seed, considering the compatibility and memory access conflicts. The experimental results show the effectiveness and efficiency of parallel computing problems with strategy.
Considering the characteristics of algorithm and the memory model of GPU, the GPU implementation of parallel method is further improved. It not only avoids a lot of complex and repetitive computation for template offset, but also optimizes the use of high-speed shared memory and read-only texture memory.
2. proposed parallel Direct Sampling method I applied to continuous geological variables) to the problem of searching for variable size neighborhood nodes, improved the parallel neighborhood conditions node search strategy. Through the parallel sorting algorithm and the auxiliary variables are stable, improve neighborhood conditions node search efficiency.
II) aiming at the selection of target points on the training images, we propose a parallel selection strategy. Through the parallel protocol two yuan function to improve the algorithm, parallelization and deterministic target selection of training images.
In order to solve the problem of continuity in simulating large scale geological bodies, an improved method combining search ellipsoid probability with search field is put forward. Experimental results show that the continuity of simulation results has been significantly improved.
3., for the two geostatistical models representing the correlation between regionalized variables, two parallel strategies based on the research area and statistics are proposed. The experimental results show that the parallel strategy based on statistics is superior to the strategy based on the research area in terms of computation efficiency.
In a word, multiple point geostatistics by compared with the existing methods of serial parallel simulation method in combination with parallel computing and multi point geostatistics simulation method put forward new ideas, improve the geostatistical stochastic simulation method in large-scale 3D modeling of adaptability, and greatly improves the simulation efficiency.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號】：TP338.6

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