本文選題：冶金考古 + 制鐵技術(shù)��； 參考：《北京科技大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：中國古代發(fā)達(dá)的制鐵技術(shù)以生鐵與生鐵制鋼技術(shù)體系為核心,是中國古代高溫技術(shù)的巔峰。制鐵爐壁材料是冶金生產(chǎn)可耐高溫的耐火材料,主要為硅酸鹽材料,是制鐵技術(shù)得以發(fā)生和發(fā)展的重要物質(zhì)保障。目前,在全國各處冶鑄遺址中均發(fā)現(xiàn)有大量的爐壁材料,但研究多為定性描述,影響了對(duì)古代制鐵爐的全面認(rèn)識(shí),不利于中國古代冶金史和耐火材料史的深入研究,也掩蓋了中國古代高度發(fā)達(dá)的高溫技術(shù)體系的重要一環(huán)。 本文通過文獻(xiàn)考察,豐富了古代制鐵爐爐壁材料的整體認(rèn)識(shí)；對(duì)河南西平酒店、山東臨淄齊故城、山東章丘東平陵城和北京延慶水泉溝等遺址的制鐵爐進(jìn)行了考察和取樣。對(duì)古代制鐵爐及其爐壁材料進(jìn)行宏觀觀察,并對(duì)不同部位和不同材質(zhì)的爐壁材料進(jìn)行了分類,認(rèn)為主要存在黏土質(zhì)、砂質(zhì)、砂泥質(zhì)和石質(zhì)等四類爐壁材料。 通過樣品的礦物顯微和含量分析,明確了不同材質(zhì)爐壁材料的結(jié)構(gòu)特征,判斷了不同材質(zhì)爐壁材料的原料、制作工藝和技術(shù)性能。戰(zhàn)國兩漢時(shí)期,冶鐵爐主要使用了夯土(酸性不定型)和黏土坯(酸性定型)作為爐壁材料,沒有專門的爐襯；熔鐵爐多使用泥質(zhì)磚(酸性定型)作為爐體支撐材料,砂質(zhì)材料(酸性定型或不定型)作為爐襯耐火材料。唐宋時(shí)期的冶鐵爐則使用了石質(zhì)材料作為爐體,砂泥質(zhì)材料作為爐襯(酸性不定型)。酸性材料能夠保證制鐵爐不易被酸性爐渣侵蝕,使得制鐵爐得以長時(shí)間、高效利用。研究表明,黏土質(zhì)材料以黏土和粉砂為主,砂質(zhì)材料以粗砂、少量巖屑為主,砂泥質(zhì)材料則含大量的巖屑和粗砂、以黏土作為膠結(jié)劑。 爐壁材料的技術(shù)性能主要包括結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性、化學(xué)穩(wěn)定性和耐熱性等。不同組分對(duì)爐壁材料的技術(shù)性能有很大的影響。黏土易成型、有黏性但易熔融,添加了大量的砂和巖屑則增加了材料的耐熱性、透氣性和強(qiáng)度,而添加有機(jī)羼料后形成的空洞則有利于增加材料的氣孔率。綜合這些因素,認(rèn)為結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性上砂泥質(zhì)材料高于砂質(zhì)材料高于黏土質(zhì)材料。 不同爐壁材料的爐渣侵蝕狀態(tài)不同,黏土質(zhì)材料多表現(xiàn)為爐渣完全吞噬掛渣、減薄爐壁;而有砂泥質(zhì)爐襯的保護(hù),爐渣對(duì)爐壁的侵蝕表現(xiàn)為表層和隨空洞侵蝕,程度自掛渣向爐壁,自風(fēng)口向爐口、爐底減弱。砂泥質(zhì)爐襯能更好地保護(hù)制鐵爐本體,且為爐渣被動(dòng)提供了少量的硅酸鹽材料,是犧牲性保護(hù)材料。 對(duì)樣品的熱分析和物相分析,判定了爐壁材料所經(jīng)歷的冶煉溫度,多數(shù)在1000-1100℃之間;耐火度多位于1250-1350℃之間,古代爐壁材料的耐火度可以承受其所要經(jīng)歷的溫度。 以北京延慶水泉溝冶鐵爐的爐壁材料(砂泥質(zhì)爐襯+巖石爐體)為模擬對(duì)象,通過模擬制備爐壁,驗(yàn)證了古人在爐壁原料選擇過程中多使用本地原料、未使用特殊耐火黏土,其制備過程簡單、未尋求制陶等其他工藝部門的幫助。通過觀察爐壁使用后的狀況,驗(yàn)證了不同組分在爐壁材料性能中的表現(xiàn)、爐渣隨空洞和裂縫侵蝕的狀態(tài)、不同部位爐襯侵蝕度不同、爐襯參與冶煉、爐襯脫落與爐內(nèi)氛圍變化和爐底凍結(jié)直接相關(guān)等現(xiàn)象,直觀認(rèn)識(shí)到爐壁材料在冶金生產(chǎn)中的重要作用。 通過總結(jié)文獻(xiàn)、田野和實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析結(jié)果,認(rèn)為中國古代制鐵爐壁材料可能存在較為明顯的時(shí)代差異,存在一條較為清晰的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)。冶鐵爐爐體支撐材料從黏土質(zhì)(包括夯土、黏土坯)發(fā)展到砂泥質(zhì)最后被石質(zhì)材料取代,爐襯耐火材料則由黏土質(zhì)(無專門爐襯的結(jié)果)發(fā)展到砂泥質(zhì)。冶鐵爐和熔鐵爐也可以從爐壁材料上加以區(qū)分,熔鐵爐爐體支撐材料先后為黏土質(zhì)的泥質(zhì)磚、砂泥質(zhì)材料,而砂泥爐襯最終取代了砂質(zhì)爐襯。爐襯的出現(xiàn)和發(fā)展,是古代生鐵冶煉豎爐耐火材料技術(shù)史上的重大事件。 分析認(rèn)為古代爐壁材料的變化和發(fā)展是由多方面原因造成的,一是人們總是選擇技術(shù)性能更為優(yōu)良的材料替代性能較差的材料；二是環(huán)境和資源的變化也要求人們因地制宜的使用本地資源；三是冶金生產(chǎn)組織關(guān)系的變化,影響到冶金生產(chǎn)中爐壁制備的材料來源和制作工藝的變化,進(jìn)而影響到材料的變化和發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:The developed technology of iron making in ancient China is the core of the technical system of pig iron and iron making steel. It is the peak of the high temperature technology in ancient China. The iron making furnace wall material is a refractory material which can endure high temperature in metallurgical production. It is mainly a silicate material. It is an important material guarantee for the occurrence and development of iron making technology. A large number of furnace wall materials are found, but the study is mostly qualitative description, which affects the comprehensive understanding of the ancient iron making furnace, is not conducive to the in-depth study of the history of metallurgical and refractory materials in ancient China, and also covers an important part of the highly developed high temperature technology system in ancient China.
Through the literature review, this paper enriches the overall understanding of the material of the ancient iron furnace furnace wall, and inspects and samples the iron making furnace of the Xiping hotel in Henan, Gucheng in Linzi, Shandong, Dongping, Zhangqiu, Dongping, Zhangqiu and Yanqing in Beijing, Beijing, etc., and makes macroscopic observation on the ancient iron furnace and its furnace wall materials, and the different parts and different parts. The material of the wall material is classified. It is considered that there are four kinds of wall materials, such as clay, sand, sand, mud and stone.
Through the analysis of the mineral microstructure and content of the samples, the structure characteristics of the material of different materials of the furnace wall are clarified, and the material of the material of the furnace wall materials of different materials is judged, the processing technology and the technical performance are judged. The molten iron furnace uses mud brick (acid setting) as the supporting material of furnace body, sand material (acid setting or amorphous) as lining refractory. The iron smelting furnace in the Tang and Song period used stone material as furnace body, sand and mud material as lining (acid unshaped). Acid material can ensure that iron furnace is not easily eroded by acid slag. The iron furnace can be used for a long time and efficient use. The research shows that clay materials are mainly clay and silt, the sand is mainly coarse sand and a small amount of debris, and the sand and mud materials contain a lot of rock and coarse sand, and clay is used as a cementing agent.
The technical performance of the furnace wall material mainly includes structural stability, chemical stability and heat resistance. Different components have great influence on the technical performance of furnace wall material. Clay is easy to form, is sticky but easy to melt, adding a large amount of sand and rock debris increases the heat resistance, permeability and strength of the material, and is formed after the addition of organic materials. Porosity is beneficial to increase the porosity of materials. Combined with these factors, it is considered that sand and clay materials with higher structural stability are higher than sandy materials than clay materials.
The slag erosion state of different furnace wall materials is different, and the clay material is mostly performed by the slag completely phagocytic slag and slagging and thinning the wall of the furnace; while the sand mud lining is protected, the erosion of the slag to the wall of the furnace is eroded by the surface and the hole, the degree of the slag is from the slag to the furnace wall, from the air outlet to the hearth, and the bottom of the furnace is weakened. The sand mud lining can better protect the iron furnace. It provides a small amount of silicate material passively for slag and is a sacrificial protective material.
The thermal analysis and phase analysis of the sample have determined that the smelting temperature experienced by the furnace wall material is mostly between 1000-1100 degrees C, and the refractoriness is between 1250-1350 degrees C, and the refractoriness of the ancient furnace wall material can bear the temperature it needs to experience.
With the furnace wall material (sand mud lining + rock furnace body) as the simulation object, the furnace wall of the Yanqing water spring gully smelting iron furnace in Beijing is simulated. It is proved that the ancient people used local raw materials in the selection process of the furnace wall and did not use special refractory clay. The preparation process is simple, and it does not seek the help of other technical departments such as pottery making. After the use of the wall, the performance of different components in the material performance of the furnace wall, the erosion of the slag with the hole and the crack, the different erosion degree of the furnace lining in different parts, the lining of the furnace lining and the change of the furnace atmosphere and the freezing of the bottom of the furnace are directly related, and the important work of the furnace wall material in metallurgical production is realized. Use.
By summarizing the literature and the results of field and laboratory analysis, it is believed that there may be a more obvious difference in the times of the ancient iron furnace wall material in China, and there is a clear development vein. The supporting material for the furnace body of the smelting iron furnace is developed from clay (including rammed soil and clay) to sand and mud to be replaced by stone material, and the lining refractory material is made up of The clay (no special lining results) developed to sand and mud. Iron smelting furnace and molten iron furnace can also be distinguished from the furnace wall material. The supporting materials of the molten iron furnace body are clay bricks, sand and mud materials, and the sand mud lining has finally replaced the sand lining. The appearance and development of the furnace lining are the refractory material technique of the ancient iron smelting shaft furnace. A major event in the history of the art.
The analysis holds that the changes and development of the ancient furnace wall materials are caused by many reasons. One is that people always choose materials with better technical properties instead of poor materials; two, the changes in the environment and resources also require people to use local resources according to local conditions; the three is the change in the relationship between metallurgical production and organization, which affects metallurgy. In the process of gold production, the change of material source and manufacturing process will affect the change and development of materials.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：TQ175.7

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本文編號(hào)：1811585