【摘要】：地形是原始濕地保護(hù)與管理的基礎(chǔ)性數(shù)據(jù),并影響著濕地景觀的結(jié)構(gòu)和空間格局演變。鹽城濱海潮灘濕地作為典型的原始濕地之一,受限于濕地客觀條件,過去一直沒有完整的高程測量,使得地形研究成為該濕地的“空白區(qū)”。地形作為景觀結(jié)構(gòu)和空間格局的重要影響因子,不僅為景觀格局的形成提供基礎(chǔ),其空間特征也影響著景觀的演變過程。另外,潮灘上發(fā)育的潮溝系統(tǒng),不僅形成了復(fù)雜的微地貌類型,而且還形成了獨(dú)特的米草潮溝系統(tǒng),成為潮灘演變的重要標(biāo)志。因此,本文以鹽城自然保護(hù)區(qū)核心區(qū)為研究區(qū)域,采用1996—2012年3期的時(shí)間跨度為16年的遙感影像,再結(jié)合實(shí)測地形數(shù)據(jù)的基礎(chǔ)上,對濕地地形模擬、潮溝微地貌系統(tǒng)及其對米草擴(kuò)張的影響,以及景觀分布與演變對地形因子的響應(yīng)特征等方面進(jìn)行了研究�；窘Y(jié)論如下： (1)濕地DEM構(gòu)建與精度評價(jià)。基于Kriging和TIN兩種方法對潮灘內(nèi)DEM進(jìn)行了構(gòu)建,結(jié)果顯示兩種方法都能夠較好的模擬濕地地形。TIN-DEM精度較高,而Kriging-DEM表面光滑性更好。同時(shí),提取水邊線并結(jié)合實(shí)測高程剖面的方法構(gòu)建了潮灘外DEM,精度較以往顯著提高。 (2)地形特征對濕地景觀分異的影響。各景觀類型在地形區(qū)間上呈梯級(jí)分布,米草帶主要分布于0.9—1.5m,堿蓬帶主要分布于1.5—2.1m,而蘆葦帶則主要分布于2.1—2.7m。同時(shí),濕地景觀空間分布特征與地形關(guān)系比較明顯。米草空間分布向0.6—1.2m區(qū)間演變,顯示出強(qiáng)烈的向低海拔區(qū)間擴(kuò)張的趨勢；堿蓬分布范圍隨地形的升高總體上呈下降趨勢；蘆葦在地形較高區(qū)間上的分布指數(shù)增長迅速,其優(yōu)勢分布區(qū)間向2.1—3.0m擴(kuò)展。 (3)潮灘淤長與0m等高線變化。1996—2002年0m線所圍面積以0.59km2/a的速度在向海方向緩慢淤積,Om線年均向海推進(jìn)速度只有43m/a,濕地變化處于較緩慢狀態(tài),淤積呈自然平衡發(fā)展；而2002—2012年的10年間,增長速度達(dá)2.89km2/a,0m線年均推進(jìn)速度也驟升為106m/a,濕地的淤積速度在逐漸加快,穩(wěn)定性受到較大影響,正呈現(xiàn)著一種非正常的淤積狀態(tài)。 (4)潮溝系統(tǒng)對米草擴(kuò)張的影響。在潮流和地形作用的控制下,本區(qū)并無大型潮溝分布,潮溝規(guī)模從北至南依次增大,發(fā)育高程為0—1.8m。米草潮溝系統(tǒng)具有獨(dú)特特征：潮溝多窄而深、密度大、分級(jí)多、側(cè)向遷移小于縱向遷移、寬深比較��；潮溝兩側(cè)發(fā)育高度不等的不對稱性的沿岸堤；鹽沼邊緣發(fā)育有陡坎和沖溝,并貫穿整個(gè)米草帶。潮溝發(fā)育是影響米草向內(nèi)陸堿蓬區(qū)擴(kuò)張的因素之一,起著非常重要的引領(lǐng)作用,而米草陸向擴(kuò)張的寬度和幅度取決于所在區(qū)域潮溝的發(fā)育程度。同時(shí),隨米草擴(kuò)張速度的降低,光灘上潮溝的活動(dòng)性有所放緩。
[Abstract]:Topography is the basic data for the conservation and management of the original wetland and affects the structure and spatial pattern evolution of the wetland landscape. Yancheng coastal tidal beach wetland, as one of the typical original wetlands, is limited by the objective conditions of the wetland, and there has been no complete elevation survey in the past, which makes the terrain study become the "blank area" of the wetland. As an important influence factor of landscape structure and spatial pattern, terrain not only provides the basis for the formation of landscape pattern, but also affects the evolution of landscape. In addition, the tidal channel system developed on the tidal flat has not only formed complex micro-geomorphologic types, but also formed a unique rice-grass tidal channel system, which has become an important symbol of the tidal flat evolution. Therefore, this paper takes the core area of Yancheng Nature Reserve as the research area, adopts the remote sensing image of the period 1996-2012, which spans 16 years, and then simulates the wetland topography on the basis of the measured terrain data. The micro-geomorphologic system of tidal gully and its influence on the expansion of rice grass, as well as the response characteristics of landscape distribution and evolution to topographic factors were studied. The basic conclusions are as follows: (1) Wetland DEM construction and accuracy evaluation. Two methods, Kriging and TIN, are used to construct DEM in tidal flat. The results show that both methods can simulate wetland topography well. The accuracy of TIN-DEM is higher than that of Kriging-DEM, while the surface smoothness of Kriging-DEM is better. At the same time, the precision of DEM, outside the tidal flat is significantly improved by the method of extracting the water boundary and combining with the measured elevation profile. (2) the influence of topographic characteristics on wetland landscape differentiation. The landscape types were distributed step by step in the terrain interval. The main distribution was 0.9 ~ 1.5 m in the rice grass belt, 1.5 ~ 2.1 m in the Suaeda salsa zone, and 2.1 ~ 2.7 m in the Reed zone. At the same time, the relationship between the spatial distribution of wetland landscape and topography is obvious. The spatial distribution of M. oryzae evolved to 0.6 m 1.2 m, showing a strong trend of expansion to low altitude, while the distribution range of Suaeda salsa decreased with the increase of topography, and the spatial distribution of Suaeda salsa showed a decreasing trend with the increase of topography. The distribution index of Phragmites australis increased rapidly in the higher terrain range, and its dominant distribution range expanded to 2.1 ~ 3.0 m. (3) the change of tidal beach siltation length and 0 m contour line. The area around the 0 m line accumulated slowly in the direction of sea with the speed of 0.59km2/a in 1996-2002, and the average annual propulsion speed of Om line in the sea was only 43 m / a, and the change of wetland was in a relatively slow state. The deposition develops in a natural balance; In the 10 years of 2002 / 2012, the growth rate was 2.89km2 / a, and the average advancing speed of 0m line was also increased to 106m / a. The deposition rate of wetland was accelerating gradually, and the stability was greatly affected, which was presenting an abnormal state of siltation. (2) in the past 10 years, the growth rate was 2.89km2 / a, and the average advancing speed of 0m line was also increased to 106mpa. (4) the effect of tidal channel system on the expansion of rice grass. Under the control of tidal current and topography, there is no large tidal gully distribution in this area. The scale of tidal gully increases from north to south, and the development elevation is 0. 8m. Meicao tidal trench system is characterized by narrow and deep tidal gully, high density, multi-grade, lateral migration less than longitudinal migration, small width and depth, asymmetric coastal dikes with different height on both sides of tidal gullies. The edge of salt marsh has steep ridges and gullies, and runs through the whole rice grass belt. The development of tidal gutter is one of the factors that affect the expansion of rice grass to the inland area of Suaeda salsa, which plays a very important leading role, and the width and amplitude of the land expansion depends on the development degree of the tidal trench in the region where it is located. At the same time, with the decrease of the speed of rice grass expansion, the activity of tidal trench on the light beach slowed down.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：P737.1;P901

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