【摘要】：近年來,隨著我國遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸業(yè)務(wù)和海上原油開展的發(fā)展，海洋溢油事故頻繁發(fā)生,溢油污染已成為危害巨大的一種海洋污染,嚴(yán)重威脅著全球海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境。目前，溢油分散劑在溢油事故處理中起著至關(guān)重要的作用，但是其主要成分表面活性劑和溶劑的大量使用勢必會對海洋生物的生長發(fā)育產(chǎn)生毒性效應(yīng)。 褶皺臂尾輪蟲（Brachionus plicatilis）作為至今為止唯一大量人工育苗的海產(chǎn)輪蟲，其餌料作用非常突出。且褶皺臂尾輪蟲在海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中以初級消費(fèi)者的身份占據(jù)著重要的作用。 本實驗以褶皺臂尾輪蟲為實驗對象，采用概率單位法、生命表法、血球計數(shù)法,研究了WP、GM、DL和GZ四種溢油分散劑（以下分別簡稱1#、2#、3#和4#）、原油水溶液（Water accommodated fraction，以下簡稱WAF）和原油與四種溢油分散劑水溶液(Dispersant water accommodated fraction，以下簡稱1#-DWAF、2#-DWAF、3#-DWAF和4#-DWAF)對褶皺臂尾輪蟲急性毒性、生活史和攝食這三方面的影響。 實驗結(jié)果表明： 1.原油和四種溢油分散劑對褶皺臂尾輪蟲的急性毒性效應(yīng)： （1）原油對褶皺臂尾輪蟲24h急性毒性效應(yīng)并不明顯。 （2）原油、四種溢油分散劑及其DWAF對褶皺臂尾輪蟲幼體的急性毒性效應(yīng)均大于成體。 （3）溢油分散劑本身對褶皺臂尾輪蟲的急性毒性大于其DWAF。、 （4）四種溢油分散劑對褶皺臂尾輪蟲的24h急性毒性效應(yīng)大�。�4#3#2#1#。 2.原油和四種溢油分散劑對褶皺臂尾輪蟲生活史的影響： （1）原油、四種溢油分散劑及其DWAF均對胚胎發(fā)育時間無顯著影響；四種溢油分散劑、其DWAF對繁殖前期無顯著影響，但是原油能顯著延長繁殖前期；原油、四種溢油分散劑及其DWAF均會使繁殖期、繁殖后期時間相較于對照組顯著縮短。 （2）原油、四種溢油分散劑及其DWAF均會顯著縮短褶皺臂尾輪蟲的平均壽命、總產(chǎn)卵量，其中縮短最明顯的是原油組；輪蟲的凈生殖率（R0）、世代時間（T）、周限增長率(λ)、內(nèi)稟增長率(rm)均較對照組有顯著降低。 （3）原油、四種溢油分散劑及其DWAF的亞急性毒性呈現(xiàn)：原油四種溢油分散劑及其DWAF的趨勢。 3.原油和四種溢油分散劑對褶皺臂尾輪蟲攝食的影響： （1）褶皺臂尾輪蟲對兩種餌料單胞藻的攝食率均隨著脅迫時間的延長和毒物濃度的增加而下降。 （2）褶皺臂尾輪蟲攝食行為的變化可以作為評價原油、溢油分散劑及溢油分散劑原油混合液較為敏感和快速的指標(biāo)。 （3）選食實驗中，，即使在污染物的脅迫下，小球藻仍是褶皺臂尾輪蟲較為適宜的餌料。 （4）原油對褶皺臂尾輪蟲攝食的影響大于四種溢油分散劑及其DWAF；在原油中加入溢油分散劑后，部分分散劑呈現(xiàn)其對褶皺臂尾輪蟲攝食影響減弱的趨勢。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the development of ocean transportation and offshore crude oil in China, marine oil spill accidents occur frequently. Oil spill pollution has become a kind of marine pollution, which seriously threatens the global marine ecological environment. At present, oil spill dispersants play an important role in the treatment of oil spill accidents. However, the extensive use of surfactant and solvents, the main components of them, will inevitably produce toxic effects on the growth and development of marine life. (Brachionus plicatilis) is the only marine rotifer that has been artificially bred so far, and its feed function is very prominent. And the rotifer plays an important role as a primary consumer in marine ecosystem. In this experiment, four kinds of oil spill dispersants (WP,GM,DL and GZ) were studied by using probabilistic unit method, life table method and blood cell count method. Crude oil aqueous solution (WAF) and crude oil and four oil spill dispersants (Dispersant water accommodated fraction,) were acute toxic to rotifers, including #-DWAF2 #-DWAF 3#-DWAF and 4#-DWAF. The impact of life history and food intake. The experimental results show that: 1. Acute toxicity of crude oil and four oil spill dispersants to rotifer: (1) the acute toxicity of crude oil to rotifer was not obvious in 24 hours. (2) the acute toxic effects of crude oil, four oil spill dispersants and their DWAF on the larvae of rotifer brachionus fold were higher than those of adults. (3) the acute toxicity of oil spill dispersant to rotifer DWAF., (4) was greater than that of DWAF., (4). The acute toxicity of oil spill dispersant to rotifer was greater than that of DWAF., (4) in 24 hours: 4 #3 #2 #1 #1. 2. Effects of crude oil and four oil spill dispersants on the life cycle of rotifer: (1) crude oil, four dispersants and their DWAF had no significant effect on the embryonic development time; The DWAF of four oil spill dispersants had no significant effect on the Prophase of reproduction, but the crude oil could significantly prolong the Prophase of reproduction, while crude oil, four dispersants of oil spill and their DWAF could significantly shorten the reproductive period, and the later period of reproduction was significantly shorter than that of the control group. (2) crude oil, four kinds of oil dispersants and their DWAF can significantly shorten the average life span and total spawning amount of rotifer, among which the most obvious shortening is the crude oil group; The net reproductive rate (R0) of rotifer, the growth rate of (T), week limit (位) and intrinsic growth rate (rm) of rotifer were all significantly lower than those of control group. (3) the subacute toxicity of crude oil, four oil spill dispersants and their DWAF: the trend of four oil spill dispersants and their DWAF. 3. The effects of crude oil and four oil spill dispersants on the feeding of rotifers: (1) the feeding rate of rotifer on both diets decreased with the prolongation of stress time and the increase of toxic concentration. (2) the change of feeding behavior of rotifer can be used as a sensitive and rapid index to evaluate crude oil, oil spill dispersant and oil spill dispersant crude oil mixture. (3) Chlorella vulgaris was the most suitable diet for rotifer, even under the stress of pollutants. (4) the effect of crude oil on feeding of rotifer brachionus fold was greater than that of four oil spill dispersants and their DWAF; in crude oil, and some dispersants showed a tendency of weakening their feeding effects on rotifers.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：X171.5;X55

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