【摘要】：ENSO事件的發(fā)生,不僅會導(dǎo)致大尺度環(huán)流異常,還將會通過改變大氣環(huán)流、局地對流和環(huán)境氣象場的方式影響閃電活動的分布特征。本文基于LIS/OTD閃電格點資料(1995-2011)、熱帶降水測量計劃任務(wù)衛(wèi)星(TRMM)降水特征資料(1998-2011),研究了全球熱帶副熱帶地區(qū)(35°S-35°N)及東亞/東南亞地區(qū)(15°S-35°N,90°-130°E)季節(jié)尺度上閃電活動和雷暴對ENSO事件的響應(yīng)特征,并結(jié)合歐洲中期天氣預(yù)報中心(ECMWF)、美國國家環(huán)境預(yù)報中心(NCEP)和國家大氣研究中心(NCAR)的再分析氣象資料(1995-2011)進(jìn)一步分析了相應(yīng)的環(huán)境氣象場變化特征。主要結(jié)果如下：1.春、冬季全球熱帶副熱帶地區(qū)的閃電密度距平分布存在四類典型的區(qū)域：(1)閃電密度在ENSO冷暖相位時期都出現(xiàn)增加,增幅通常超過20%；(2)閃電密度在ENSO冷暖相位時期都出現(xiàn)減少,減幅通常不超過50%；(3)閃電密度在厄爾尼諾時期增加、拉尼娜時期減少；(4)閃電密度在厄爾尼諾時期減少、拉尼娜時期增多。厄爾尼諾時期閃電密度與海洋Nino指數(shù)(Oceanic Nino Index, ONI)顯著正相關(guān)的地區(qū)主要位于赤道和南半球大洋及其沿岸,拉尼娜時期顯著負(fù)相關(guān)的地區(qū)多位于南半球陸地。2.熱帶副熱帶范圍內(nèi),海平面氣壓相對下降的區(qū)域容易出現(xiàn)閃電密度正距平。厄爾尼諾時期升溫區(qū)(拉尼娜時期降溫區(qū))中閃電密度與ENSO強(qiáng)度的正相關(guān)較好。ENSO期間,太平洋及其沿岸(厄爾尼諾時期)和北印度洋沿岸(拉尼娜時期)的閃電與降水變化較為一致。3.在東亞／東南亞地區(qū),厄爾尼諾(拉尼娜)春、冬季的正距平(負(fù)距平)中心主要偏向中國東部和印度尼西亞南側(cè),夏、秋季的正距平(負(fù)距平)中心主要發(fā)生在赤道以北的地區(qū)。春季通常是四季中閃電密度變化強(qiáng)度和范圍最大的季節(jié)。在厄爾尼諾時期,中國東部和印度尼西亞地區(qū)的閃電密度距平百分比與ONI顯著正相關(guān)；拉尼娜時期相關(guān)性減弱,中國東部為正相關(guān),印度尼西亞地區(qū)為負(fù)相關(guān)。厄爾尼諾時期印度尼西亞地區(qū)的閃電變化率(18%)大于中國東部(10%),拉尼娜時期中國東部閃電變化率(-21%)大于印度尼西亞地區(qū)(5%)。4.春季是厄爾尼諾時期雷暴頻數(shù)距平最明顯的季節(jié),拉尼娜春、冬季的雷暴頻數(shù)負(fù)距平比較明顯,夏、秋季的雷暴頻數(shù)正距平比較明顯。與閃電相比,ENSO時期雷暴與ONI相關(guān)性減弱,且中國東部的正相關(guān)好于印度尼西亞地區(qū)。中國東部的雷暴頻數(shù)變化率(厄爾尼諾時期-12%和拉尼娜時期-35%)比印度尼西亞地區(qū)(分別為7%和-3%)更大。ENSO對雷暴中閃電頻數(shù)的影響主要發(fā)生在40 dBZ最大回波頂高超過10 km的強(qiáng)深對流系統(tǒng)中。5.厄爾尼諾時期的印度尼西亞地區(qū)以及拉尼娜時期的中國東部,閃電變化與雷暴強(qiáng)度和數(shù)量變化都有密切關(guān)系。中國東部厄爾尼諾時期的閃電變化主要與雷暴強(qiáng)度變化有關(guān),印度尼西亞地區(qū)拉尼娜時期的閃電變化主要與雷暴數(shù)量變化有關(guān)。6.與對流有效位能(CAPE)和850 hPa相對濕度相比,ENSO時期東亞/東南亞地區(qū)近地層風(fēng)場變化對閃電密度距平分布的影響更加明顯,閃電密度正距平多出現(xiàn)在近地層變化風(fēng)場的交匯區(qū),閃電密度負(fù)距平多出現(xiàn)在近地層風(fēng)場變化較小或輻散的區(qū)域,這一特征在中國以南的島嶼和近海更為突出。較大幅度的閃電密度增加常常伴隨著CAPE的增加。厄爾尼諾時期850 hPa相對濕度距平和CAPE距平的分布與閃電距平對應(yīng)好于拉尼娜時期,并影響到閃電密度距平的分布特征。
[Abstract]:The occurrence of ENSO event can not only lead to large-scale circulation anomaly, but also influence the distribution of lightning activity by changing the atmospheric circulation, local convection and environmental weather field. Based on the data of the LIS/ OTD flash point data (1995-2011) and the satellite (TRMM) precipitation feature of the tropical precipitation measurement plan (TRMM) (1998-2011), the global tropical and subtropical regions (35 擄 S-35 擄 N) and East Asia/ South-East Asia (15 擄 S-35 擄 N, The response characteristics of lightning and thunderstorm to the ENSO event in the 90 擄-130 擄 E) seasonal scale and combined with the European Mid-term Weather Forecast Centre (ECMWF), The NCEP and NCAR reanalysis meteorological data (1995-2011) further analyzed the corresponding environmental weather field change characteristics. The main results are as follows: 1. In the spring and winter, there are four typical regions of the lightning density in the tropical sub-tropical region in winter: (1) the lightning density increases in the temperature and cooling phase of the ENSO, and the increase is usually more than 20%; (2) the lightning density is reduced in the cold and warm phase period of the ENSO, The reduction is usually no more than 50%; (3) the lightning density is increased during the El Nino period, and the La Nina period is reduced; and (4) the lightning density is reduced during the El Nino period and the La Nina period has increased. In the El Nino period, the density of the lightning and the Nino Index (ONI) of the ocean are mainly located in the oceans of the equator and the southern hemisphere and along the coast of the southern hemisphere, and the area with a significant negative correlation in the La Nina period is located in the land of the southern hemisphere. In the tropical sub-tropical region, the region where the sea level air pressure is relatively lowered tends to occur with a positive lightning density. The lightning density in the temperature rise area of the El Nino period (the temperature reduction zone in the La Nina period) is well correlated with the intensity of ENSO. The lightning and precipitation changes of the Pacific and its coast (El Nino) and the North Indian Ocean (Nino) were more consistent during the ENSO period. In East Asia/ Southeast Asia, the center of El Nino (Nino) spring and winter is mainly in the south of China and the south of Indonesia. In the summer and autumn, the center of the positive distance (negative distance) mainly occurs in the north of the equator. Spring is usually the season in which the intensity and range of lightning density change in the four seasons. In the El Nino period, the percentage of lightning density in eastern China and Indonesia is significantly positively related to ONI; the correlation between the Rarana period and the eastern part of China is positive, and the area of Indonesia is negative. The rate of lightning change (18%) in the Indonesian area of the El Nino period is greater than that of the eastern part of China (10%), and the rate of lightning change (-21%) in the eastern part of China is greater than that of the Indonesia area (5%). In spring, the number of thunderstorm frequency in the Nino period is the most obvious season, and the negative distance of the thunderstorm frequency in the spring and winter is obviously higher than that in the summer and autumn, and the number of thunderstorm frequency in the summer and autumn is more obvious. Compared with the lightning, the correlation between the thunderstorm and ONI in the ENSO period is reduced, and the eastern part of China is well correlated with the area of Indonesia. The rate of change in the number of thunderstorms in the eastern part of China (El Nino period-12% and La Nina period-35%) is greater than that in Indonesia (7% and -3%, respectively). The influence of ENSO on the frequency of lightning in a thunderstorm is mainly in a strong-depth convection system with a maximum echo top of more than 10km at the maximum echo top of 40dBZ. The change of lightning is closely related to the intensity and the number of thunderstorms in the Indonesian region of the El Nino period and in the eastern part of China during the La Nina period. The lightning change during the El Nino period in the eastern part of China is mainly related to the change of the intensity of the thunderstorm, and the change of the lightning in the area of La Nina in Indonesia is mainly related to the change of the number of thunderstorm. Compared with the relative humidity of the convection-effective-bit energy (CAPE) and the 850 hPa relative humidity, the influence of the change of the near-formation wind field in the East-East Asia/ Southeast Asia region on the distribution of the lightning density is more obvious in the ENSO period, and the lightning density is more and more in the intersection area of the near-formation-change wind field. The density of lightning is more negative in the area of small or scattered near-formation wind field, which is more prominent in the islands and the coastal waters south of China. A larger increase in lightning density is often accompanied by an increase in CAPE. The distribution of the relative humidity of 850 hPa and the distance of the CAPE in the El Nino period and the lightning distance level correspond to the La Nina period and affect the distribution characteristics of the lightning density.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：P412.27;P732

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