【摘要】：潮溝作為一種典型的沉積地貌單元,在世界各地海岸潮間帶廣泛分布,對潮溝地貌和潮溝演變過程進行研究具有重要的理論和實踐意義。本文根據(jù)1981-2013年江蘇中部海岸的遙感影像和野外觀測數(shù)據(jù),對潮溝的平面形態(tài)與演變過程進行分析。結(jié)果顯示,江蘇中部海岸潮溝(根據(jù)其長度差異)一般分為4級,1至3級潮溝的個數(shù)分別為21、97和688(1：5：33),其平均長度分別為7587±1544、1921±916和327±200m;潮溝在中潮帶比較發(fā)育,其密度Dd和分汊率Y明顯大于高潮帶和低潮帶；主潮溝曲率r從高潮帶向低潮帶呈減小趨勢。潮溝的擺動性具有明顯的區(qū)域和級別差異,與北部的潮灘區(qū)域相比,海岸潮差較大的南部潮灘區(qū)潮溝的擺動性較大：同一個潮溝系統(tǒng),其1級潮溝的擺動性2級潮溝3級潮溝；同一條潮溝,其下段的擺動性中段上段；同一區(qū)段,彎曲岸段的擺動性順直岸段；1級潮溝上段、2級潮溝中上段、3級潮溝或位于鹽沼內(nèi)的潮溝其擺動性不明顯。 外來引種互花米草和大規(guī)模灘涂圍墾活動對潮溝產(chǎn)生了較大影響,尤其是后者明顯地抑制了潮溝的發(fā)育。在大規(guī)模灘涂圍墾影響下,研究區(qū)潮溝集水面積A由2001年的293.94km2逐漸降低到2013年的103.40km2；潮溝長度ΣL隨著其集水面積A的縮減呈冪函數(shù)減小(R2=0.98),潮溝寬度ΣW隨著潮溝長度ΣL和集水面積A的變小呈指數(shù)方式變窄(R2=0.87,R2=0.93),總體上,每圍墾1km2灘涂,潮溝長度ΣL和寬度ΣW分別減小約2.60km和15.5m；研究區(qū)潮溝形態(tài)在統(tǒng)計上存在多尺度的分形結(jié)構(gòu),在圍墾活動影響下,其分維值D由2001年的1.26快速降低到2013年的1.13,其中,各潮溝系統(tǒng)的分維值D隨著其交匯點個數(shù)ΣN的減少而快速降低(R2=0.93),各單支潮溝的分維值D隨著其蜿蜒性w的減小而快速降低(R2=0.92)；在整個灘涂圍墾過程中,落潮后期潮灘的主要排水方式由潮溝排水逐漸向灘面排水方式轉(zhuǎn)變。 根據(jù)野外觀測資料和潮溝形態(tài)相關(guān)性分析,研究區(qū)潮溝最初發(fā)育的時間可以追溯到潮灘的形成和發(fā)育時期,潮溝最初的形態(tài)是低潮帶下部的沖刷洼地或切口,切口或洼地在水流作用下快速演變?yōu)闇喜�；并隨著潮灘變寬和集水面積增大而快速發(fā)育,形成樹枝狀的潮溝系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)隨機概率模型模擬,潮溝的發(fā)育過程大致經(jīng)歷四個重要時期：低潮帶發(fā)育時期、中潮帶發(fā)育時期、高潮帶發(fā)育時期和細潮溝填充發(fā)育時期。
[Abstract]:Tidal trench, as a typical sedimentary geomorphological unit, is widely distributed in the intertidal zone of the world's coasts. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the tidal trench landform and the evolution of tidal trench. Based on the remote sensing images and field observation data of the central coast of Jiangsu Province from 1981 to 2013, the plane morphology and evolution process of tidal trenches are analyzed in this paper. The results show that the tidal trenches along the central coast of Jiangsu Province are generally divided into 4 grades according to their length differences. The number of tidal trenches of grade 1 to 3 is 21 97 and 688 (1:5:33) respectively, the average length is 7587 鹵154 4U 1921 鹵916 and 327 鹵200 m, respectively. The density Dd and branching rate Y of the trench are higher than those of the high tide zone and the low tide zone. The curvature of the main tide trench r decreases from the high tide zone to the low tide zone. Compared with the tidal flat area in the north, the swinging characteristic of the tidal trench in the southern coastal tidal beach area is greater than that in the northern tidal flat area: the swinging tidal trench of the first grade trench is of grade 2 tidal trench of the same tidal trench system, and that of the tidal trench of grade 1 is higher than that of the tidal flat area in the north. The swinging upper segment of the lower segment of the same tidal trench, the swinging straight shore segment of the curved bank section, the upper segment of the 1st grade trench, the middle segment of the 2nd grade trench, the 3rd grade trench or the tidal ditch located in the salt marsh have not obvious swinging characteristics. The introduction of exotic Spartina alterniflora and the large scale tidal flat reclamation have a great influence on the tidal trench, especially the latter obviously inhibits the development of the tidal trench. Under the influence of large scale tidal flat reclamation, the area A of tidal gullies in the study area gradually decreased from 2001 293.94km2 to 103.40 km ~ 2 in 2013. The length of tidal trench 危 L decreases by power function with the reduction of its catchment area A (R _ 2N _ (0.98), and the width of tide ditch 危 _ W narrows exponentially with the length of tide trench 危 _ L and the decrease of catchment area A (R _ (2) 0.87 ~ (?) R _ (2) ~ (0. 93). In general, every reclamation of 1km2 beach is carried out. The length 危 L and width 危 W of the trench decreased by about 2.60km and 15.5mrespectively. Under the influence of reclamation activities, the fractal dimension D decreased rapidly from 1.26 in 2001 to 1.13 in 2013. The fractal dimension D of each tidal channel system decreases rapidly with the decrease of the number of the intersection point 危 N (R2N 0.93), and the fractal dimension value of each single tidal channel decreases rapidly with the decrease of its meandering w (R2N 0.92). During the process of tidal flat reclamation, the main drainage mode of tidal flat changed from trench drainage to beach surface drainage. Based on field observation data and correlation analysis of tidal channel morphology, the initial development time of tidal trench in the study area can be traced back to the formation and development period of tidal flat. The initial form of tidal trench is scour depression or notch in the lower part of low tide zone. Notches or depressions rapidly evolved into grooves under the action of water flow; As the tidal flat widens and the catchment area increases rapidly, a dendritic tidal trench system is formed. According to the stochastic probability model, the development process of tidal trench has four important periods: low tide zone development period, middle tide zone development period, high tide zone development period and fine tide trench filling development period.
【學位授予單位】：南京師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：P737.1

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