【摘要】：進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)以來(lái)，海洋已經(jīng)成為世界各國(guó)關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。中共十八大報(bào)告中提出，要“提高海洋資源開(kāi)發(fā)能力，發(fā)展海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)，保護(hù)海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境，堅(jiān)決維護(hù)國(guó)家海洋權(quán)益，建設(shè)海洋強(qiáng)國(guó)”。隨著“海洋強(qiáng)國(guó)”戰(zhàn)略的提出，向海洋要資源、要增長(zhǎng)、要空間、要環(huán)境、要財(cái)富是我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的必然方向。然而，隨著我國(guó)海洋經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)發(fā)展，海洋環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題也日益嚴(yán)重。根據(jù)國(guó)家海洋局發(fā)布的《2012年中國(guó)海洋環(huán)境狀況公報(bào)》顯示，2012年我國(guó)近岸海域污染依然嚴(yán)重，經(jīng)由陸地徑流和陸源入海排污口進(jìn)入海洋的污染物達(dá)1900多萬(wàn)噸，占海洋污染物總量的近80%，陸源污染已經(jīng)成為我國(guó)海洋環(huán)境污染的主要來(lái)源。我國(guó)政府自上世紀(jì)90年代開(kāi)始重視陸源污染問(wèn)題，在近30年的時(shí)間里已經(jīng)形成了包括《中華人民共和國(guó)海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)法》和《中華人民共和國(guó)防治陸源污染物污染損害海洋環(huán)境管理?xiàng)l例》等17部相關(guān)法律法規(guī)在內(nèi)的政策體系，對(duì)陸源污染治理進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)規(guī)范，然而治理效果并不明顯，陸源污染物的排放量持續(xù)增加。筆者認(rèn)為，除去陸源污染治理政策自身不完善的因素之外，政策實(shí)施過(guò)程中存在的各種問(wèn)題才是導(dǎo)致治理效果不佳的主要原因。 文章運(yùn)用文獻(xiàn)分析法和歸納論證法進(jìn)行研究，對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)陸源污染治理的研究進(jìn)行了梳理，發(fā)現(xiàn)目前國(guó)內(nèi)的研究多從法律制度和技術(shù)手段兩個(gè)方面展開(kāi)，針對(duì)既有治理政策實(shí)施的研究并不深入。因此，文章從我國(guó)海洋環(huán)境陸源污染治理政策著手，在對(duì)我國(guó)有關(guān)陸源污染治理政策進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)梳理的基礎(chǔ)上，找出政策內(nèi)容上的缺陷，并以《防治陸源污染物污染損害海洋環(huán)境管理?xiàng)l例》為例進(jìn)一步剖析了政策實(shí)施的現(xiàn)狀以及實(shí)施過(guò)程中面臨的困境，進(jìn)而提出了我國(guó)陸源污染治理政策有效實(shí)施的對(duì)策和建議，以期改善陸源污染治理政策實(shí)施不佳的現(xiàn)狀，達(dá)到更好的治理效果。文章在結(jié)構(gòu)上分為五章： 第一章首先對(duì)全文涉及到的核心概念進(jìn)行了闡述，分別介紹了海洋環(huán)境污染、陸源污染及其種類以及陸源污染治理政策及其實(shí)施的相關(guān)內(nèi)容。重點(diǎn)闡述了陸源污染的相關(guān)概念、梳理了陸源污染的種類，并界定了作為本文研究對(duì)象的“陸源污染”。其次，對(duì)為何以治理政策實(shí)施為研究重點(diǎn)做出了說(shuō)明。 第二章從我國(guó)現(xiàn)有陸源污染治理政策入手，按照國(guó)家法律、行政法規(guī)、部委規(guī)章和技術(shù)規(guī)程的分類原則，對(duì)我國(guó)現(xiàn)有的陸源污染治理政策進(jìn)行了梳理，通過(guò)梳理厘清了其發(fā)展脈絡(luò)和總體狀況，在此基礎(chǔ)上評(píng)述了現(xiàn)有政策存在的缺陷。 第三章則以《防治陸源污染物污染損害海洋環(huán)境管理?xiàng)l例》為例，以《管理?xiàng)l例》的實(shí)施效果為前提，，重點(diǎn)分析了現(xiàn)有政策的實(shí)施中存在的問(wèn)題。并以此為背景進(jìn)一步分析了我國(guó)陸源污染治理政策實(shí)施過(guò)程中存在問(wèn)題的成因。通過(guò)分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，《管理?xiàng)l例》實(shí)施中存在的主要問(wèn)題是：國(guó)家環(huán)保部未能推動(dòng)其有效實(shí)施；部分規(guī)定虛置未能實(shí)施；基層環(huán)保部門對(duì)其執(zhí)行不力；《管理?xiàng)l例》的實(shí)施過(guò)度依靠行政命令；排污企業(yè)違反《管理?xiàng)l例》規(guī)定的現(xiàn)象普遍存在；社會(huì)公眾對(duì)《管理?xiàng)l例》實(shí)施的關(guān)注度較低。本文進(jìn)一步分析認(rèn)為不完善的政策體系和實(shí)施機(jī)制，單一的執(zhí)行主體和實(shí)施手段，以及疲軟的政策實(shí)施監(jiān)督是目前我國(guó)陸源污染治理政策實(shí)施過(guò)程存在問(wèn)題的主要成因。 第四章主要介紹了日本和澳大利亞陸源污染治理政策實(shí)施過(guò)程中的成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)，通過(guò)歸納分析發(fā)現(xiàn)兩國(guó)的成功存在共同特點(diǎn)，即：多元的政策實(shí)施主體、多樣的政策落實(shí)手段以及高效的政策執(zhí)行監(jiān)督，這些成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)為我國(guó)提供了借鑒。 第五章針對(duì)我國(guó)海洋環(huán)境陸源污染治理政策實(shí)施過(guò)程中存在的問(wèn)題及成因，從政策內(nèi)容、政策實(shí)施主體、政策實(shí)施手段和政策實(shí)施監(jiān)督四個(gè)方面，闡述了改善我國(guó)陸源污染治理政策實(shí)施的對(duì)策措施。
[Abstract]:Since twenty-first Century, the ocean has become the focus of attention all over the world. In the eighteen major reports of the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of China has proposed to "improve the capacity of marine resources development, develop marine economy, protect the marine ecological environment, resolutely safeguard the national marine rights and interests and build a marine power". With the proposal of the "marine power" strategy, the resources of the ocean should be increased. Long, space, environment, and wealth are the inevitable direction of our country's economic development. However, with the continuous development of China's marine economy, the problem of marine environmental pollution is increasingly serious. According to the bulletin of the state of China's marine environment issued by the State Oceanic Administration in <2012, the pollution of the coastal waters of China in 2012 is still serious, through land runoff and The pollution of land source into the sea is about 19000000 tons, accounting for nearly 80% of the total amount of marine pollutants. The land source pollution has become the main source of marine environmental pollution in China. The government of our country began to pay attention to the issue of land source pollution since the 90s of last century. In the last 30 years, it has been formed including the People's Republic of China ocean ring. The policy system of 17 relevant laws and regulations, such as the border protection law and the regulations on the prevention and control of the pollution damage to the marine environment in People's Republic of China, has been standardized in detail. However, the effect of the land source pollution is not obvious, and the discharge of the land source pollutants continues to increase. The author thinks that the administration of land source pollution is eliminated. Besides the factors that are not perfect, the problems in the implementation of the policy are the main reasons leading to poor governance.
In this paper, the literature analysis and inductive method are used to study the research on the land source pollution control at home and abroad. It is found that the domestic research is mostly carried out from two aspects of the legal system and technical means, and the research on the implementation of the existing governance policy is not thorough. On the basis of the systematic combing of the policies of land source pollution control in China, we find out the defects in the policy content, and take the "prevention and control of the pollution damage to the marine environment" as an example to further analyze the current situation of the policy implementation and the difficulties faced in the implementation process, and then put forward Lu Yuanwu in China. The countermeasures and suggestions for the effective implementation of the pollution control policy are made in order to improve the current situation of the poor implementation of the land source pollution control policy and achieve better results of governance. The article is divided into five chapters in the structure.
The first chapter first expounds the core concepts involved in the full text, introduces the marine environmental pollution, the land source pollution and its types, and the related contents of the land source pollution control policy and its implementation. It focuses on the related concepts of land source pollution, combs the types of land source pollution, and defines the "land" as the object of this study. Secondly, it explains why the implementation of governance policy is the focus of research.
The second chapter, starting with the existing land source pollution control policies in China, combs the existing land source pollution control policies in China according to the national laws, administrative regulations, ministries and regulations and technical regulations, and clarifies the development and overall situation of the current land source pollution control. On this basis, it reviews the existing shortcomings of the existing policies.
The third chapter takes the "prevention and control of land source pollution damage to the marine environment management regulations" as an example, and focuses on the existing problems in the implementation of the existing policies, based on the implementation effect of the management regulations, and further analyzes the causes of the problems in the implementation of the land source pollution control policy in China. The main problems in the implementation of the regulations are that the Ministry of environmental protection has not been able to promote its effective implementation; some of the regulations have not been put into practice; the environmental protection departments at the grass-roots level are not able to implement them; the implementation of the regulations on management is overly dependent on Administrative orders; the phenomenon of violating the regulations of the discharge enterprises is common; the public is on the "pipe". The main cause of the existing problems in the implementation of land source pollution control policy in China is that the imperfect policy system and implementation mechanism, the single executive body and the implementation means and the weak policy implementation supervision are further analyzed in this paper.
The fourth chapter mainly introduces the successful experience of the policy implementation of the land source pollution control policy in Japan and Australia. Through the induction and analysis, we find the common characteristics of the two countries' success, that is, the multiple policy implementation subjects, various policy implementation means and efficient policy implementation supervision. These successful experiences provide the reference for our country.
The fifth chapter expounds the Countermeasures of improving China's land source pollution control policy in four aspects, including the policy content, the policy implementation subject, the policy implementation means and the policy implementation supervision, aiming at the problems and causes in the implementation of the land source pollution control policy in China's marine environment.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：X55

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