本文選題：海上油氣開發(fā) + 鉆井平臺��； 參考：《中國海洋大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的日益發(fā)展，人類對能源的需求越來越高。海洋石油資源豐富，目前仍處于勘探開采的初期階段。在陸地石油資源日益緊張的情況下，人們把目光投向海洋石油的勘探開發(fā)。隨著海洋石油勘探開發(fā)力度的不斷增大，其造成的周邊海域的污染問題日益受到人們的關(guān)注。各種污染物的排出，會不同程度的改變周圍海域水質(zhì)和底質(zhì)的質(zhì)量，從而直接或間接的影響到生活在其中的底棲生物。大型底棲生物在海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中有著十分重要的生態(tài)學(xué)意義，是海洋生態(tài)系統(tǒng)食物鏈的重要環(huán)節(jié)，在海洋食物網(wǎng)的物質(zhì)循環(huán)和能量流動過程中起重要作用，也是水質(zhì)生物評價指示生物。通過對群落結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)查，分析研究底棲生物群落的組成特征和變化規(guī)律，可以用于對環(huán)境質(zhì)量進(jìn)行評價。目前，國內(nèi)有關(guān)海上鉆井平臺的污染影響的研究較少，并且對鉆井平臺工作全過程的生態(tài)環(huán)境影響也未見報道。 本研究于2011年9月、11月和12月，分別在鉆井平臺工作的不同階段：勘探前階段、勘探階段和開采階段對鉆井平臺周圍布設(shè)的15個站位和3個對照站位進(jìn)行了水質(zhì)、沉積物和底棲生物的調(diào)查，結(jié)合PRIMER、SPSS軟件對鉆井平臺附近海域的水質(zhì)和底質(zhì)的污染狀況、底棲生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)及分布情況進(jìn)行分析，探討鉆井平臺石油勘探開發(fā)對臨近海域底棲生物群落的影響，為今后對鉆井平臺的進(jìn)行環(huán)境監(jiān)測提供參考依據(jù)。研究結(jié)果如下： 3個航次共鑒定出底棲生物201種。類群包括：環(huán)節(jié)動物、棘皮動物、節(jié)肢動物、紐形動物、軟體動物、腔腸動物、嚑門動物、星蟲動物等。在各個類群中，以環(huán)節(jié)動物門的多毛類種類最多，達(dá)到114種，占到總種數(shù)的56.16%；其次為節(jié)肢動物門的甲殼類，56種，占總種數(shù)的27.58%；軟體動物15種，占7.39%；棘皮動物9種，占4.43%；紐形動物4種，占1.97%；其他類群4種，占1.97%。 調(diào)查海域優(yōu)勢種更替現(xiàn)象明顯。在勘探前航次和勘探過程航次，排名前十位的優(yōu)勢種中，，多毛類占70%；在開采過程航次，排名前十位的優(yōu)勢種中，軟體動物和甲殼類的種類明顯增多。鉆井平臺周邊海域大型底棲生物總豐度的航次變化為：勘探前航次（3601.33ind./m2）＞開采過程航次（1946.67ind./m2）＞勘探過程航次（1474.11ind./m2）；生物量的航次變化為勘探前航次（6.65g/m2）＞開采過程航次（6.26g/m2）＞勘探過程航次（4.07g/m2）。 3個航次4個典型站位的ABC曲線的分析結(jié)果顯示，勘探前航次，鉆井平臺臨近海域的大型底棲生物群落基本未受擾動；勘探過程航次，距離鉆井平臺中心較近的大型底棲生物群落受到中等程度的擾動，而距離平臺位置稍遠(yuǎn)的大型底棲生物群落未受擾動；開采過程航次，鉆井平臺臨近海域的大型底棲生物群落基本未受擾動，僅個別站位受到中等程度的擾動。 CLUSTER聚類和MDS標(biāo)序的分析結(jié)果顯示，勘探過程航次，鉆井平臺臨近海域可分為兩個群落：污染群落和未擾動群落；SIMPER分析顯示，兩群落間非相似性為68.64%，引起群落間差異的主要種類包括海蛇尾一種1（Ophiuroideasp.1）、擬特須蟲（Paralacydonia paradoxa）、不倒翁蟲（Sternaspis scutata）；ANOSIM檢驗顯示兩群落間差異性顯著。開采過程航次，鉆井平臺臨近海域可分為兩個群落：污染群落和未擾動群落；SIMPER分析顯示，兩群落間非相似性為54.83%，引起群落間差異的主要種類包括紅明櫻蛤（Moerella rutila）、海蛇尾一種1（Ophiuroidea sp.1）、紅刺尖錐蟲（Scoloplos rubra）、明細(xì)白櫻蛤（Macoma praetexta）、奇異稚齒蟲（Paraprionospio pinnata）等；ANOSIM檢驗顯示兩群落間差異性顯著。 BIOENV和BVSTEP的分析結(jié)果顯示，勘探過程航次，水質(zhì)的污染狀況和沉積物中Pb的含量與大型底棲生物的群落結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)性最大，相關(guān)系數(shù)（Spearman）為0.374；開采過程航次，沉積物的污染狀況與大型底棲生物的群落結(jié)構(gòu)相關(guān)性最大，相關(guān)系數(shù)（Spearman）為0.404。 綜合分析以上結(jié)果可知，海上鉆井平臺的石油勘探開發(fā)對臨近海域的大型底棲生物群落產(chǎn)生了中等程度的干擾。隨著勘探活動的進(jìn)行，使其逐漸形成兩個界限明顯的底棲生物群落。
[Abstract]:With the growing economic and social development, the demand for energy is getting higher and higher. Marine petroleum resources are rich and are still in the initial stage of exploration and exploitation. Under the situation of increasingly tense land oil resources, people put their eyes on the exploration and development of marine oil. With the increasing strength of the exploration and development of marine stone oil, it is caused by the continuous increase in the exploration and development of marine stone oil. The pollution problem in the surrounding sea area is getting more and more attention. The discharge of various pollutants will change the quality of water quality and sediment in the surrounding sea to varying degrees, which directly or indirectly affects the benthos living in it. The macrozoobenthos have very important ecological significance in the marine ecosystem, which are marine ecology. The important part of the system food chain plays an important role in the material circulation and energy flow process of the marine food network. It is also a biological evaluation indicator of water quality. Through the investigation of the community structure, the composition characteristics and change rules of the benthic community are analyzed and studied. It can be used to evaluate the environmental quality. At present, the domestic sea is related to the sea. The impact of drilling platforms on pollution is less, and the impact of the whole process of drilling platform on the ecological environment has not been reported.
In September 2011, November and December, the water quality, sediment and benthic in 15 stations and 3 control stations around the drilling platform were carried out in the pre exploration stage, the exploration stage and the mining stage at the different stages of the drilling platform. The water quality and the water quality in the offshore area near the drilling platform were combined with PRIMER and SPSS software. The pollution of the base, the structure and distribution of the benthic community are analyzed, and the influence of the drilling platform oil exploration and development on the benthic community in the adjacent sea area is discussed, which provides a reference for the environmental monitoring of the drilling platform in the future. The results are as follows:
201 species of benthos were identified by 3 voyages. Groups included: tachyzoans, eanthuses, arthropods, newbods, mollusks, lusks, animals, and insects. In each group, the most species of hairy species, reaching 114 species, accounted for 56.16% of the total species, and then the crustaceans of arthropod doors. There are 56 species, accounting for 27.58% of the total species, 15 species of mollusks, 7.39%, 9 species of acanthosis, 4.43%, NYX 4 species, 1.97%, and 4 species of other species, accounting for 1.97%.
The dominant species in the survey sea area was obvious. Among the top ten dominant species before the exploration voyage and the course of exploration, the predominant species accounted for 70%. In the course of the mining process, the species of mollusks and crustaceans were obviously increased in the top ten of the top ten. The variation of the total abundance of the macrobenthos around the offshore area of the drilling platform was The pre exploration voyage (3601.33ind./m2) > mining process voyage (1946.67ind./m2) > exploration course (1474.11ind./m2); the variation of the voyage of biomass to the pre exploration voyage (6.65g/m2) > the course of the mining process (6.26g/m2) > the voyage of the exploration process (4.07g/m2).
The analysis of the ABC curves of 4 typical stations on 3 voyages showed that the large benthic community in the sea area near the offshore area was not disturbed by the pre exploration voyage, and the large benthic communities near the drilling platform center were disturbed by the medium degree, and the large benthic living far away from the platform position. The community is undisturbed; the course of the mining process, the large benthic community of the drilling platform near the sea area is basically undisturbed, and only a few stations are disturbed by moderate degree.
The results of CLUSTER clustering and MDS sequence analysis showed that in the course of the course of exploration, the drilling platform could be divided into two communities: the contaminated community and the undisturbed community; the SIMPER analysis showed that the non similarity between the two communities was 68.64%, and the main species among the communities, including the sea snake tail, 1 (Ophiuroideasp.1), and the pseudo parasite (Paralacydo) NIA paradoxa), Sternaspis scutata, and ANOSIM test showed that the difference between the two communities was significant. The course of the mining process and the drilling platform near the sea area could be divided into two communities: the contaminated community and the undisturbed community; the SIMPER analysis showed that the non similarity between the two communities was 54.83%, and the main species that caused the difference among the communities included red mining. Clam (Moerella rutila), Mi O a 1 (Ophiuroidea sp.1), prickly prickly (Scoloplos rubra), clam clam (Macoma praetexta), and strange chiliad (Paraprionospio pinnata); ANOSIM test shows that two communities have significant differences.
The results of BIOENV and BVSTEP showed that the course of exploration, the pollution of water quality and the content of Pb in the sediments were the most related to the community structure of large benthos, and the correlation coefficient (Spearman) was 0.374. Arman) is 0.404.
A comprehensive analysis of the above results shows that the petroleum exploration and development of offshore drilling platform has a moderate degree of disturbance to the large benthic community in the adjacent sea area. With the exploration activities, it gradually forms two benthic benthic communities.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TE53;Q178.53

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