發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-03 23:43

  本文選題：海洋溢油災(zāi)害 + 企業(yè)管理��； 參考：《中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：隨著人類(lèi)社會(huì)對(duì)石油需求量的日益增加,石油開(kāi)采力度也隨之加大,出現(xiàn)了陸上石油資源儲(chǔ)量降低及開(kāi)發(fā)要求升高的局面。面對(duì)嚴(yán)峻的形勢(shì)和挑戰(zhàn),石油資源的勘探范圍逐漸由陸上擴(kuò)展至海洋。海底蘊(yùn)藏著儲(chǔ)量豐富的石油和天然氣,為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)提供了充足的資源保障,海洋石油開(kāi)發(fā)工作在提供石油能源的同時(shí)也發(fā)揮著雙刃劍效應(yīng)——溢油災(zāi)害的存在給海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境和人類(lèi)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)都帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重危害。對(duì)海洋溢油災(zāi)害進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、構(gòu)建高效的災(zāi)害應(yīng)急管理體系對(duì)海洋溢油的防災(zāi)減災(zāi)工作提供很大幫助,在海洋石油開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中,特殊的工作環(huán)境使溢油致災(zāi)因子呈現(xiàn)多樣化：海洋石油勘探開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中存在技術(shù)陳舊、設(shè)備故障；油氣儲(chǔ)運(yùn)過(guò)程中管線(xiàn)破裂、船舶碰撞；石油企業(yè)管理層的管理素質(zhì)；生產(chǎn)操作層的身體狀況、思想素質(zhì)以及企業(yè)管理制度的適應(yīng)性等溢油安全因素,多樣化的致災(zāi)因子給溢油災(zāi)害的防范和救治工作帶來(lái)了巨大的困難和挑戰(zhàn),通過(guò)查閱國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)海洋溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估的研究成果,資料顯示：以往專(zhuān)家和學(xué)者對(duì)海洋溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的防范工作主要從研發(fā)先進(jìn)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)、提升監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)準(zhǔn)確度等方面進(jìn)行溢油災(zāi)情的監(jiān)測(cè)和防范,注重憑借監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)對(duì)企業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)進(jìn)行確定。從導(dǎo)致原因上來(lái)看,海洋溢油屬于人為災(zāi)害,人的行為與致災(zāi)因子的動(dòng)態(tài)存在密切關(guān)系。因此,擬以溢油致災(zāi)因子中的人為要素為切入點(diǎn),從管理學(xué)角度出發(fā),將相對(duì)可控的人為因素分為組織管理層和生產(chǎn)操作層兩類(lèi)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),進(jìn)行海洋石油企業(yè)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估研究,對(duì)于海洋石油企業(yè)中存在的溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn),要加強(qiáng)災(zāi)害應(yīng)急工作的建設(shè),基于Haddon模型的“三階段、三因素”理論,將我國(guó)溢油應(yīng)急管理體系進(jìn)行現(xiàn)狀分析,找出災(zāi)前監(jiān)測(cè)、災(zāi)中應(yīng)急、災(zāi)后治理三個(gè)應(yīng)急過(guò)程中存在的不足,有針對(duì)性的進(jìn)行問(wèn)題剖析。借鑒美國(guó)、加拿大的先進(jìn)海洋溢油應(yīng)急管理經(jīng)驗(yàn),為我國(guó)構(gòu)建高效的海洋溢油災(zāi)害應(yīng)急體系提出詳細(xì)對(duì)策和建議。將研究?jī)?nèi)容和擬解決問(wèn)題進(jìn)行思路和內(nèi)容上的梳理,本論文的研究順序及框架內(nèi)容如下：(1)海洋溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估及災(zāi)害應(yīng)急管理體系構(gòu)建的理論基礎(chǔ)將溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及災(zāi)害應(yīng)急管理進(jìn)行概念和內(nèi)容上的表述,介紹了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估、應(yīng)急體系構(gòu)建的常用方法和研究模型,對(duì)海洋溢油災(zāi)害研究過(guò)程遵循的企業(yè)管理、可持續(xù)發(fā)展、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理等相關(guān)理論進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)闡述,為保障研究開(kāi)展的科學(xué)性和合理性奠定必要的理論基礎(chǔ)。(2)海洋溢油災(zāi)害成因及危害以中國(guó)海洋石油總公司為例對(duì)海洋石油企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn)、組織結(jié)構(gòu)、發(fā)展歷程及現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行概述,特殊的生產(chǎn)環(huán)境和生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn)決定了海洋溢油事故存在的必然性,將存在于油氣勘探、生產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)和油氣儲(chǔ)運(yùn)不同環(huán)節(jié)的溢油種類(lèi)進(jìn)行分析,確定事故來(lái)源及造成溢油災(zāi)害的根本原因；通過(guò)對(duì)溢油顆粒在海洋環(huán)境中遷移規(guī)律的分析,明確溢油災(zāi)害對(duì)海洋環(huán)境、海洋生態(tài)及人類(lèi)社會(huì)造成的具體危害,論證了對(duì)溢油災(zāi)害進(jìn)行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估和構(gòu)建災(zāi)害應(yīng)急體系的緊迫性和必要性。(3)海洋溢油災(zāi)害的致災(zāi)因素機(jī)理分析在明確海洋溢油災(zāi)害危害程度的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)溢油災(zāi)害種類(lèi)對(duì)溢油致災(zāi)因子、孕災(zāi)環(huán)境進(jìn)行分類(lèi)剖析,確定不同類(lèi)型溢油災(zāi)害的發(fā)生機(jī)理、災(zāi)害特征及災(zāi)害防治要求,為下文從管理角度進(jìn)行溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)的識(shí)別和選取做鋪墊。(4)海洋石油企業(yè)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素的識(shí)別與分析根據(jù)海洋石油企業(yè)生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn),分別從企業(yè)管理層的管理能力、生產(chǎn)操作層的技術(shù)水平、和企業(yè)環(huán)境等方面進(jìn)行溢油災(zāi)害影響因素的選取,將選取指標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)成海洋石油企業(yè)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素調(diào)查問(wèn)卷,選取熟知海洋石油企業(yè)管理及生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的專(zhuān)家對(duì)調(diào)研內(nèi)容進(jìn)行詳細(xì)填寫(xiě)和內(nèi)容反饋,將獲得的微觀數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)整理,對(duì)其進(jìn)行信度和效度檢驗(yàn),確保調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性。在此基礎(chǔ)上,運(yùn)用SPSS分析軟件對(duì)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素進(jìn)行關(guān)鍵因子識(shí)別,確定各級(jí)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)。最終確定的海洋石油企業(yè)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素集涵蓋：管理者應(yīng)急處理能力、管理監(jiān)督能力和協(xié)調(diào)溝通能力；企業(yè)規(guī)章制度的適應(yīng)性、組織管理精細(xì)化程度、企業(yè)獎(jiǎng)罰機(jī)制合理性；生產(chǎn)操作者的學(xué)歷程度、從業(yè)時(shí)間、創(chuàng)新能力、學(xué)習(xí)能力、心理素質(zhì)、生理素質(zhì)、責(zé)任意識(shí)、道德品質(zhì)、崗位忠誠(chéng)度、所處的工作和休息環(huán)境,共17個(gè)具體指標(biāo)。(5)海洋石油企業(yè)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估過(guò)程及結(jié)果運(yùn)用鑒于每個(gè)海洋石油企業(yè)的具體生產(chǎn)狀況存在差異,溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)的權(quán)重也各不相同,以勝利油田海洋采油廠(chǎng)為研究對(duì)象,運(yùn)用前面章節(jié)確定的溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素集,對(duì)該企業(yè)進(jìn)行溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)評(píng)估工作的實(shí)證分析,邀請(qǐng)?jiān)撈髽I(yè)高層管理者和資深業(yè)務(wù)專(zhuān)家對(duì)該企業(yè)各項(xiàng)溢油災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)的重要性程度進(jìn)行量化,確定指標(biāo)體系中每個(gè)指標(biāo)的權(quán)重,構(gòu)建溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)體系,隨機(jī)選取企業(yè)中從事管理和生產(chǎn)的員工進(jìn)行企業(yè)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況調(diào)查,將調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)用基于層次分析法的模糊綜合評(píng)價(jià)方法進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理和結(jié)果分析,由評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果得出,勝利油田海洋采油廠(chǎng)的總體溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)較低,但生產(chǎn)操作層的業(yè)余環(huán)境指標(biāo)處于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的等級(jí)。因此,需要加強(qiáng)員工業(yè)余休息環(huán)境的改善或縮短員工單個(gè)作業(yè)周期,以緩解自然環(huán)境給員工工作和生活造成的負(fù)面影響,提高作業(yè)效率和準(zhǔn)確度。由風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)過(guò)程可以看出,對(duì)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)較高指標(biāo)所涉及的管理和生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié),需及時(shí)進(jìn)行安全隱患排查和程序合理化調(diào)整,以期降低企業(yè)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn),確保海洋石油生產(chǎn)工作安全進(jìn)行。(6)海洋溢油災(zāi)害應(yīng)急管理體系的構(gòu)建海洋石油企業(yè)對(duì)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行合理評(píng)估,是防范溢油災(zāi)害的有效措施；同時(shí),高效的應(yīng)急管理體系在企業(yè)進(jìn)行溢油防范和治理工作中也處于舉足輕重的地位,根據(jù)Haddon模型的分析理念,對(duì)我國(guó)應(yīng)急管理體系進(jìn)行現(xiàn)狀分析和原因查找,在美國(guó)、加拿大等先進(jìn)海洋溢油應(yīng)急管理經(jīng)驗(yàn)啟發(fā)下,結(jié)合我國(guó)海洋石油企業(yè)實(shí)際情況,分別從災(zāi)前監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)防階段、災(zāi)害應(yīng)急處置階段和災(zāi)后評(píng)估治理階段分層次、分階段地提出建設(shè)高效海洋溢油災(zāi)害應(yīng)急體系的相關(guān)對(duì)策和建議。在企業(yè)管理理論、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理理論及可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論指導(dǎo)下,結(jié)合海洋石油企業(yè)生產(chǎn)特點(diǎn),對(duì)海洋石油企業(yè)的溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,提出構(gòu)建高效海洋溢油應(yīng)急管理體系的具體措施。在以往憑借監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)對(duì)海洋溢油災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行等級(jí)確定的基礎(chǔ)上,從企業(yè)內(nèi)部的管理層和生產(chǎn)操作層選取風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行內(nèi)容構(gòu)思和過(guò)程探索,實(shí)現(xiàn)了溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析角度和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)等級(jí)確定方法上的創(chuàng)新。在今后的研究工作中,將繼續(xù)結(jié)合海洋石油企業(yè)具體運(yùn)營(yíng)狀況,對(duì)管理和生產(chǎn)中的安全指標(biāo)進(jìn)行更加細(xì)致的總結(jié)和歸納,促進(jìn)溢油風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)體系的進(jìn)一步完善,以期為保護(hù)海洋生態(tài)、維護(hù)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定、實(shí)現(xiàn)海洋資源的可持續(xù)利用提供幫助。
[Abstract]:With the increasing demand for oil in the human society, the intensity of oil exploitation has increased, and the reserves of oil resources have been reduced and the requirements for development have risen. The social economy provides sufficient resources guarantee, and the offshore oil development work also plays a double-edged sword effect while providing petroleum energy. The existence of oil spill has brought serious harm to the marine ecological environment and the human society and economy. The risk assessment of the marine oil spill disaster and the construction of an efficient disaster emergency management system are established. In the process of marine oil development, the special working environment makes the oil spill factors diversify in the process of offshore oil development. In the process of offshore oil exploration and development, there are technical obsolescence, equipment failure, pipeline rupture, ship collision and management quality of oil enterprise management. The physical condition of the production operation layer, the ideological quality and the adaptability of the enterprise management system, such as the oil spill safety factors, and the diversification of the disaster causing factors have brought great difficulties and challenges to the prevention and treatment of the oil spill disaster. By consulting the research results on the assessment of marine oil spill risk at home and abroad, the data show that the previous experts and The prevention of marine oil spill risk mainly from the research and development of advanced monitoring system, the improvement of monitoring data accuracy and other aspects of monitoring and prevention of the oil spill disaster, focusing on the monitoring technology to determine the risk level of the enterprise. From the cause, the marine oil spill is a man-made disaster, the behavior of human and the dynamics of the disaster factors. Therefore, the artificial factor in the oil spill factor is the breakthrough point. From the management point of view, the relative controllable human factors are divided into two kinds of evaluation indexes, organization management layer and production operation layer, and the risk assessment of oil spill in offshore oil enterprises should be studied, and the oil spill risk in offshore oil enterprises should be added. The construction of strong disaster emergency work, based on the "three stage, three factor" theory of Haddon model, analyzes the current situation of oil spill emergency management system in China, and finds out the shortcomings in the three emergency processes of pre disaster monitoring, disaster emergency and post disaster management. The detailed countermeasures and suggestions are put forward for the construction of efficient marine oil spill emergency system in China. The contents and contents of the research content and the problems to be solved are summarized. The following research sequence and framework are as follows: (1) the theoretical basis of the marine oil spill risk assessment and disaster emergency management system will be based on the oil spill. The concept and content of risk and disaster emergency management are expressed, the common methods and research models of risk assessment, emergency system construction are introduced, and the related theories of enterprise management, sustainable development and risk management followed in the study process of marine oil spill are expounded in detail so as to ensure the scientific and rational development of the research. The necessary theoretical basis is laid. (2) the causes and hazards of the marine oil spill disaster are summarized by China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) as an example of the production characteristics, organization structure, development course and present situation of the marine oil enterprises. The special production environment and production characteristics determine the inevitability of the marine oil spill, which will exist in oil and gas exploration and production. The types of oil spill in different links of oil and gas storage and transportation are analyzed, the source of the accident and the root cause of the oil spill are determined. Through the analysis of the migration law of the spilled oil particles in the marine environment, the specific hazards caused by the oil spill to the marine environment, the marine ecology and the human society are clearly defined, and the risk of the oil spill is demonstrated. The urgency and necessity of evaluating and constructing disaster emergency system. (3) on the basis of determining the damage degree of the marine oil spill disaster, based on the damage degree of the marine oil spill, according to the types of spilled oil, the environment of the spilled oil is classified and analyzed, and the mechanism of the different types of oil spill disaster is determined, the characteristics and disaster of the disaster are determined. According to the characteristics of offshore oil enterprises, the identification and analysis of the risk factors for oil spill in marine petroleum enterprises, according to the production characteristics of offshore oil enterprises, are carried out from the management ability of the enterprise management, the technical level of the production operation layer and the enterprise environment, respectively. (4) the identification and analysis of the oil spill risk factors in marine petroleum enterprises The selection of the influencing factors will be selected as the questionnaire for the risk factors of oil spill in marine petroleum enterprises, and the experts who know the management and production process of the offshore oil enterprises are fully filled in and the content feedback, the microscopic data will be collected, the reliability and validity of the data are tested to ensure the accuracy of the survey data. On this basis, the SPSS analysis software is used to identify the key factors of the oil spill risk factors and determine the risk indicators of oil spill at all levels. The final determination of the risk factors for oil spill in the marine oil enterprises includes the managers' emergency handling capacity, the management supervision ability and the coordination and communication ability; the adaptability of the enterprise rules and regulations and the organization and management. The degree of refinement, the rationality of the mechanism of rewards and punishment, the degree of education, the time of work, the ability to innovate, the learning ability, the psychological quality, the physiological quality, the sense of responsibility, the moral quality, the job loyalty, the work and the rest environment, 17 specific indications. (5) the process of oil spill risk assessment and the result application of the marine oil enterprises. The specific production situation of each marine oil enterprise is different, and the weight of the oil spill risk index is different. Taking the marine oil production plant of Shengli Oilfield as the research object, using the set of risk factors of the oil spill established in the preceding chapter, the empirical analysis of the risk grade evaluation of the oil spill is carried out, and the high management and capital of the enterprise are invited. The deep business experts quantify the importance of the risk index of the oil spill, determine the weight of each index in the index system, construct the evaluation index system of the oil spill risk, randomly select the employees engaged in management and production in the enterprise to investigate the risk status of the oil spill in the enterprise, and use the analytic hierarchy process based on the analytic hierarchy process. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used for data processing and results analysis. From the evaluation results, the overall oil spill risk grade of the Shengli oil field oil production plant is low, but the amateur environmental indicators in the production operation layer are at a higher risk level. Therefore, it is necessary to improve or shorten the individual operation cycle of the staff's industrial residual rest environment. In order to alleviate the negative impact of the natural environment on the work and life of the employees and improve the efficiency and accuracy of the work, it can be seen from the risk assessment process that, for the management and production links involved in the high index of risk, it is necessary to carry out a timely safety hazard investigation and a reasonable adjustment of the procedure in order to reduce the risk of oil spill and ensure the ocean. The safety of oil production work is carried out. (6) the establishment of an emergency management system for marine oil spill disasters is an effective measure to prevent the oil spill risk. At the same time, the efficient emergency management system is also in a pivotal position in the work of oil spill prevention and management in enterprises, according to the Haddon model. According to the analysis concept and the current situation analysis and reason search for China's emergency management system, under the Enlightenment of the advanced marine oil spill emergency management experience in the United States and Canada, combined with the actual situation of China's offshore oil enterprises, the stages of the pre disaster monitoring and prevention stage, the disaster emergency treatment stage and the post disaster assessment management stage are divided into stages. Under the guidance of the theory of enterprise management, the theory of risk management and the theory of sustainable development, combined with the production characteristics of offshore oil enterprises, this paper evaluates the oil spill risk of offshore oil enterprises and puts forward specific measures to build an emergency management system for high efficiency marine oil spill. On the basis of determining the risk of marine oil spill disaster by monitoring technology, the content conception and process exploration are selected from the management layer and production operation layer in the enterprise, and the innovation of the oil spill risk analysis angle and the risk grade determination method is realized. In the future research work, it will continue to come into being. In order to protect the marine ecology, maintain the social stability and realize the sustainable utilization of marine resources, the specific operation status of marine oil enterprises will be summed up and summarized in the management and production of the safety indicators so as to promote the further improvement of the oil spill risk index system.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：X55

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