本文關(guān)鍵詞： 馬里亞納海溝 俯沖帶 重力異常 水深 海山　出處：《中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：本文通過對(duì)馬里亞納海溝及周圍區(qū)域水深地形、地震、重力異常、洋殼年齡、鉆孔等要素進(jìn)行分析,研究馬里亞納俯沖帶分段性特征及成因。主要研究方法為進(jìn)行水深場(chǎng)、重力場(chǎng)分析,不同區(qū)域剖面對(duì)比,通過地震研究俯沖帶貝尼奧夫帶形態(tài)特征,結(jié)合布格重力異常對(duì)構(gòu)造特征進(jìn)行分析；最終總結(jié)這些要素分析俯沖帶分段性產(chǎn)生的原因。研究結(jié)果表明馬里亞納海溝不同區(qū)域俯沖特征出現(xiàn)明顯分段現(xiàn)象,這種俯沖分段性在海溝水深上有很好體現(xiàn),由北向南水深及俯沖傾角逐漸變大。結(jié)合洋側(cè)大洋巖石圈年齡,與北部伊豆—小笠原海溝的水深對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn),在該區(qū)域影響海溝深度發(fā)育的重要因素是大量隨太平洋板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)至此的海山、海隆,而不是傳統(tǒng)理解中的俯沖巖石圈年齡。對(duì)海溝深度形成影響的海山、海隆等又分為三種,一種是規(guī)模較小的海山,它們?cè)谝苿?dòng)到海溝軸部時(shí)會(huì)造成海溝深度變淺,但隨著俯沖的進(jìn)行它們逐漸沉沒于海溝之中,最終海溝回歸原始形態(tài)；第二種是相對(duì)孤立的大型海山,當(dāng)它們隨板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)至海溝洋側(cè)后,會(huì)減弱周圍區(qū)域的板塊俯沖作用,使海溝水深變淺,同時(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生海溝向洋側(cè)的躍遷：第三種是連成片狀的大范圍的大型海山、海隆,當(dāng)它們迫近海溝軸部時(shí),會(huì)對(duì)海溝水深造成加大現(xiàn)象,并且在迎向板塊俯沖的方向加大現(xiàn)象更為明顯。在馬里亞納海溝中部明顯變淺的水深、海溝軸部的不連續(xù)性以及馬里亞納弧前多變的地形特征,是相對(duì)孤立的大型海山侵入作用造成。在這些海山隨俯沖板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)至海溝軸部時(shí),由于海山自身的填充作用、海山與上覆板塊發(fā)生碰撞產(chǎn)生的塊體填充作用,造成海溝水深變淺,軸部不連續(xù)。當(dāng)它們?cè)竭^海溝后會(huì)圈閉殘余海溝形成弧前坳陷,隨著俯沖作用的不斷進(jìn)行,大型的殘余海山不斷向火山弧移動(dòng),最終與火山弧連為一體達(dá)到相對(duì)穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),造成火山弧的增生。在這個(gè)過程中,不同的發(fā)育時(shí)期弧前坳陷的規(guī)模、深度不同。該區(qū)域的五個(gè)大型坳陷可能正在經(jīng)歷由深變淺、由大變小的演化過程,最終演化結(jié)果是弧前坳陷基本消失,殘余海山與火山弧連為一體。馬里亞納島弧向東凸出彎曲的原因可能與數(shù)量眾多的大型海山、海隆與海溝的相互作用有關(guān)。不斷運(yùn)動(dòng)至海溝軸部附近的海山,會(huì)造成海溝的后退以及新俯沖帶在海溝后側(cè)的形成,隨之俯沖板塊下插到地幔中的位置也會(huì)慢慢向洋側(cè)遷移,造成馬里亞納海槽擴(kuò)張脊的向洋側(cè)遷移。在海溝各處太平洋海山的侵入數(shù)量、規(guī)模存在差異,在數(shù)量多、規(guī)模大的海溝中段區(qū)域,海溝后退幅度相應(yīng)增大,弧后擴(kuò)張脊的遷移也會(huì)隨之增大,最終造成馬里亞納島弧及海溝在中段區(qū)域向洋側(cè)的運(yùn)動(dòng)距離比北部區(qū)域偏大。而在海溝最南端,連成片的海山、海隆在越過海溝后,本應(yīng)產(chǎn)生海溝躍遷的位置被新移動(dòng)至此的海山所取代,所以海溝后退現(xiàn)象并不是十分明顯。據(jù)此推斷,在不考慮其它因素(諸如太平洋板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)速率、方向等變化)影響下,預(yù)測(cè)海溝發(fā)展情況會(huì)持續(xù)向洋一側(cè)后退,并且在海溝中段,太平洋火山分布眾多的區(qū)域,海溝后退速度會(huì)更快,海溝及島弧的凸出作用會(huì)更加明顯。馬里亞納海溝南段挑戰(zhàn)者深淵處以及海溝中段水深最大區(qū)域的成因,與其洋側(cè)俯沖板塊的塊體被切割有重要聯(lián)系。這些大型海山組成的海山鏈以及連成片狀的海山、海隆、海臺(tái),會(huì)對(duì)俯沖塊體造成切割,分割出一些相對(duì)較小的塊體。在相同的俯沖環(huán)境下,形成的較小塊體會(huì)有利于俯沖作用的進(jìn)行,進(jìn)而造成海溝水深的加大。所以在馬里亞納俯沖帶不同區(qū)域產(chǎn)生分段性的原因,主要受隨太平洋板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)至此的大型海山、海隆與板塊邊界相互作用影響。由于它們的數(shù)量、規(guī)模、分布規(guī)律不同,引起的相互作用也就有多不同,最終導(dǎo)致不同區(qū)域海溝、島弧的形態(tài)特征差異。
[Abstract]:This article through to the Mariana Trench and the surrounding area topography, seismic, gravity anomaly, oceanic crust age, analyze the factors such as drilling, study the Mariana subduction zone segmentation characteristics and causes. The main research methods for depth of field, gravity field analysis, comparison of different regional profiles, with morphological characteristics by subduction zone earthquake research Benioff, combined with the bug the structural characteristics of the gravity anomaly analysis; finally summarize the reasons of these elements of the subduction zone segment analysis. The research results show that the Mariana Trench in different regions of subduction characteristics appear obvious segmented phenomenon, the subduction segment in trenches has good water depth from the north to the south of the subduction depth and angle becomes larger. Combined with the ocean side of the ocean the age, compared with the depth of the northern Izu - Bonin trench in the region, the development of the important effect of trench depth for With a large number of elements is the movement of the Pacific plate to the seamount, seamounts, and subduction of lithospheric age is not the traditional understanding. The influence on the formation of trench depth of the seamount, seamounts and divided into three types, one is the smaller seamounts, they move in to the trench axis will cause the depth of shallow trench, but with the they were gradually sinking in subduction trench, the trench eventually return to the original form; the second is relatively isolated large seamounts, when they move to the ocean trench side plate subduction, will weaken the surrounding area, the trench depth, transitions occur simultaneously to the side of the ocean trench is: third as the large range of flake seamount, rise, when they are approaching the trench axis part, will cause the increase of the trench depth and the phenomenon, towards the direction of the plate subduction increase phenomenon is more obvious in the Mariana sea. The central sulcus obvious shallow water depth, trench axis discontinuity and Mariana fore arc varied terrain features, is relatively isolated large seamount intrusion caused. In these seamounts with the subducting plate movement to the trench axis, the filling effect of seamount itself, block mountain and sea filling effect of overlying plate the collision of the trench caused by shallow depth, the shaft is not continuous. When they crossed the trench after trench arc formed before the trap residual depression, with the subduction of the ongoing large residual seamount to volcano and volcano arc arc movement, eventually even as one to achieve a relatively stable state, caused by the volcano arc hyperplasia. In this process, the development of different periods of the forearc depression scale, different depth. Possibly suffering from deep shallow depression five large depression in the region, the evolution process from large to small, finally evolved. The fruit is the forearc depression disappeared, and the residual seamount volcano arc together. The reason of the bend to the East and Mariana Island projecting numerous large seamounts, interaction and ridge trench. Moving to the trench axis near the seamount, will cause the trench retreat and new subduction zones formed in the trench the rear side of the subducting plate, then inserted into the mantle position will gradually migrate to the ocean side, resulting in expansion of the Mariana Trough ridge migration to the ocean side. In the number of intrusive trench throughout the Pacific seamounts, there are differences in size, number, trench middle area large, retrotrench amplitude increases. Migration of the ridge back arc spreading will increase, resulting in the Mariana Island trench in the middle area and to the ocean side of the northern region is larger than the moving distance. While in the trench in the southernmost expanse of seamounts, sea Long across the trench, the trench should produce the transition position by the new mobile point of seamounts are replaced, so retrotrench phenomenon is not very obvious. Thus, without considering other factors (such as the Pacific plate movement rate and direction of change) under the influence of pre measured development will continue to back to the trench ocean side and, in the middle of the Pacific trench, many volcano distribution area of retrotrench faster, protruding trench and island arc effect will be more obvious. The southern section of Mariana Trench and the Challenger deep trench deep water causes middle maximum area, block and ocean side of the subducting plate cut has important links. These large seamounts consisting of seamounts and the chain into a slice of the seamount, seamounts, ridge, will cause the cutting of the subducted block segmentation, some relatively small blocks. In the same subduction environment, formation A piece of experience is conducive to the subduction, resulting in increased water depth. So in the Mariana Trench subduction zone in different regions causes segmentation, mainly by the movement of the Pacific plate so far with large seamounts, seamounts and impact plate boundary interaction. By the number, in their size, distribution, interaction there are many different causes, resulting in different regional differences in morphological characteristics of island arc trench.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：P736.1

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