本文關(guān)鍵詞： 貝殼礁 絲鰓蟲 菲律賓蛤仔 寬身大眼蟹 多元統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò) AMBI 生物擾動(dòng)　出處：《中國海洋大學(xué)》2014年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：貝殼人工魚礁（簡稱貝殼礁）充分利用了貝類養(yǎng)殖過程中產(chǎn)生的廢棄貝殼，具有經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)保等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，并對(duì)大型底棲動(dòng)物有較好的聚集作用，然而目前對(duì)貝殼礁的生態(tài)效果評(píng)價(jià)多集中于短期效果，所調(diào)查的礁區(qū)建設(shè)時(shí)間多在3a以內(nèi)。為了解貝殼礁的長期效果及其對(duì)礁區(qū)周圍底棲生物群落的影響，本研究通過海上逐月采樣和室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)的方法，研究了威海雙島灣人工貝殼礁區(qū)（投礁時(shí)間超過6a）大型底棲動(dòng)物群落的變化規(guī)律；評(píng)價(jià)了貝殼礁區(qū)的底棲生態(tài)質(zhì)量；研究了不同溫度和鹽度條件下，3種大型底棲動(dòng)物對(duì)沉積物顆粒、TN和TOC垂直分布的擾動(dòng)作用；并分析了雙島灣淺海人工投石礁區(qū)大型海藻群落的變化特征。結(jié)果如下： 一、貝殼礁區(qū)共出現(xiàn)大型無脊椎動(dòng)物69種，按照投礁時(shí)間，貝殼礁內(nèi)的底棲動(dòng)物種類分別為24種（短期組，投礁時(shí)間1-2a），37種（中期組，投礁時(shí)間3-4a）和37種（長期組，投礁時(shí)間37種），礁區(qū)周圍的沉積物（近礁組）中出現(xiàn)35種，均高于未投礁的對(duì)照組（13種）。貝殼礁內(nèi)底棲動(dòng)物的豐度隨投礁時(shí)間先增后減，分別為679ind/m2、4354ind/m2和3483ind/m2，近礁組的豐度為1225ind/m2，均高于對(duì)照組（400ind/m2）。貝殼礁內(nèi)底棲動(dòng)物的生物量隨投礁時(shí)間延長而遞增，分別為780g/m2、9765g/m2和19522g/m2，近礁組的生物量為324.6g/m2，均高于對(duì)照組（189.3g/m2）。棲息在貝殼礁內(nèi)的紫石房蛤和江戶布目蛤生物量亦隨投礁時(shí)間延長不斷增加，約占底棲生物總量的15.6%（短期組）、28.0%（中期組）和75.1%（長期組）。根據(jù)自組織神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)（Self-organized map,SOM）的聚類結(jié)果，從底棲生物群落組成看，貝殼礁建設(shè)的成效期約在3年以上。投礁時(shí)間和礁體體積對(duì)貝殼礁內(nèi)底棲動(dòng)物群落的影響較大。 二、采用M-AMBI指數(shù)分析貝殼礁區(qū)的底棲生態(tài)質(zhì)量。短期組、中期組和長期組的M-AMBI指數(shù)分別為0.80,0.84和0.91，表明貝殼礁區(qū)底棲生態(tài)環(huán)境優(yōu)良，并隨投礁時(shí)間的增加，生態(tài)質(zhì)量不斷提高。近礁組的M-AMBI為0.94，表明貝殼礁的投放對(duì)其周圍的底棲動(dòng)物群落也起到了改善作用。 三、在室內(nèi)條件下，研究了絲鰓蟲Cirriformia tentaculata，菲律賓蛤仔Ruditapes philippinarum和寬身大眼蟹Macrophthalmus dilatatus在不同溫度和鹽度下對(duì)底質(zhì)的擾動(dòng)。結(jié)果表明，絲鰓蟲、菲律賓蛤仔和寬身大眼蟹的最大擾動(dòng)深度分別為14cm、12cm和14cm。從生物擴(kuò)散系數(shù)的最大值看，擾動(dòng)作用強(qiáng)弱的順序依次為：寬身大眼蟹菲律賓蛤仔絲鰓蟲。寬身大眼蟹對(duì)沉積物中TN和TOC垂直分布的影響高于其它兩種動(dòng)物。溫度對(duì)3種動(dòng)物的生物擾動(dòng)過程均有顯著影響，對(duì)絲鰓蟲的影響較小。鹽度對(duì)菲律賓蛤仔和寬身大眼蟹的影響顯著，對(duì)絲鰓蟲的影響不顯著。 四、采用潛水采樣和水下錄像方法調(diào)查了威海雙島海域人工魚礁區(qū)內(nèi)礁石上附著的大型海藻，并分析了海藻群落組成與環(huán)境因子的關(guān)系。夏初（6月）和夏末（8月）2次調(diào)查共采集到大型海藻9種，其中紅藻門5種、褐藻門和綠藻門各2種。夏末和夏初的海藻群落相似度為20.35%，對(duì)相似性貢獻(xiàn)最大的5種海藻分別為金膜藻(Chrysymenia wrightii)、日本異管藻(Hterosiphonia japonica)、扁江蘺(Gracilaria textorii)、海黍子(Sargassum muticum)和孔石莼(Ulva pertusa)。夏末的海藻生物量密度(164.99g/m2)高于夏初(243.829g/m2)，但覆蓋率由64.53% 91.20%降至52.53% 72.53%(威海圣鯤礁區(qū)除外)，絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)種由夏初的日本異管藻演替為夏末的金膜藻。根據(jù)主成分分析(PCA)和冗余分析(RDA)結(jié)果，影響海藻群落變化的環(huán)境因子中，前3位分別為水溫、鹽度和水底照度。夏末，由于水體透明度較低(2.0m)，光照條件可能成為海藻分布的限制因子。另外，，夏末污損生物的大量出現(xiàn)在一定程度上影響了海藻的覆蓋率。
[Abstract]:In order to understand the long - term effects of shell reefs and the effect on the benthic communities around the reef area , the authors studied the variation law of the macrobenthos community in the artificial shellfish reef area ( over 6a ) in the Shuangdao Bay , and studied the disturbance effects of three macrobenthos on the vertical distribution of sediment particles , TN and TOC by sea - by - month sampling and laboratory experiments . The results are as follows : According to self - organizing neural network ( SOM ) , the biomass of benthos in shell reef increased with the time of reef - throwing . The biomass of benthos in the reef area was higher than that of the control group ( 189.3 g / m2 ) . The biomass of benthos in the reef area was higher than that of the control group ( 189.3 g / m2 ) . The benthic ecological quality was analyzed by using the M - AMBI index . The M - AMBI index of the short - term group , the medium - term group and the long - term group was 0.80 , 0.84 and 0.91 respectively , indicating that the benthic ecological environment in the reef area of the shell was excellent , and the ecological quality was improved with the increase of the reef time . The M - AMBI of the reef group was 0.94 , indicating that the launch of the shell reef had also improved the benthos community around it . The effects of salinity on the vertical distribution of TN and TOC in the sediments were higher than those in other two animals . The effects of salinity on the vertical distribution of TN and TOC in the sediments were significantly higher than those in other two animals . Four species of large algae attached to reef in the artificial reef area were investigated by means of underwater sampling and underwater video recording . The relationship between the composition of seaweed communities and the environmental factors was analyzed . Among them , 9 species were collected from the early summer ( June ) and summer ( August ) . The algae communities in summer and early summer were 20 . 35 % , and 5 species with the greatest similarity contribution were Chrysymenia violghtii , Hterocarponia japonica , Gracious textorii , millet muticum and Ulva pertusa . 澶忔湯鐨勬搗钘葷敓鐗╅噺瀵嗗害(164.99g/m2)楂樹簬澶忓垵(243.829g/m2),浣嗚鐩栫巼鐢

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