陸相頁巖儲(chǔ)層孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)演化特征及其控制因素
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-12-07 12:17
【摘要】：陸相頁巖氣資源占到頁巖氣總資源的三分之一,但陸相頁巖氣勘探突破不大,制約頁巖含氣性的儲(chǔ)層孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)研究還非常薄弱。論文以鄂爾多斯盆地三疊系延長組和柴達(dá)木盆地中侏羅統(tǒng)大煤溝組陸相頁巖為研究對象,針對未經(jīng)抽提等處理的原始頁巖樣品,利用TOC分析、巖石熱解、X-射線衍射、場發(fā)射掃描電鏡、低壓CO2/N2吸附、高壓壓汞等技術(shù),開展陸相頁巖儲(chǔ)層特征、孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)特征、孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)演化以及控制因素的研究。結(jié)果表明,研究區(qū)陸相頁巖具有“兩高兩低多種類型”的特點(diǎn):即有機(jī)碳含量和黏土礦物含量高,熱演化程度和脆性礦物含量低;有機(jī)質(zhì)類型多,以偏腐殖混合型為主。主要巖相類型包括黏土質(zhì)頁巖、硅質(zhì)頁巖和混合頁巖,其中硅質(zhì)頁巖紋層最發(fā)育,黏土質(zhì)頁巖和混合頁巖TOC含量較高。掃描電鏡揭示研究區(qū)陸相頁巖孔隙類型主要為粒間孔、粒內(nèi)孔和有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙,與海相頁巖相比,陸相頁巖粒間孔隙直徑較大(可達(dá)微米級),而粒內(nèi)孔隙直徑較小(幾十到幾百納米),有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙發(fā)育相對較少且孔徑和分布不均勻。陸相黏土質(zhì)頁巖孔隙孔徑整體偏小,孔隙連通性整體較好,具有平行壁的狹縫狀孔隙和墨水瓶型孔隙相對發(fā)育;混合頁巖孔隙孔徑整體偏大,孔隙連通性較差,楔形狹縫狀孔隙相對較發(fā)育,墨水瓶型孔隙發(fā)育較少。隨成熟度增加,黏土質(zhì)頁巖單位TOC孔體積呈減小趨勢,混合頁巖整體呈先減小后增大的趨勢,微孔體積呈減小的演化趨勢。兩類巖相頁巖中孔體積占總孔體積的比例高,微孔和中孔提供主要的比表面積。隨演化程度增加,黏土質(zhì)頁巖2~10nm的中孔占總孔體積和總比表面積的比例降低,混合頁巖2~10nm的中孔占總孔體積和總比表面積的比例增加。未熟油氣的生成以及有機(jī)酸溶蝕促進(jìn)了頁巖孔隙的發(fā)育,液態(tài)烴充填和頁巖儲(chǔ)層的埋深壓實(shí)導(dǎo)致頁巖有效孔隙的減少。生油窗階段孔隙的數(shù)量和孔徑都快速變化,液態(tài)烴的大量生成和殘留堵塞孔隙,殘留烴主要賦存于0.3~0.6nm的微孔以及2~20nm的中孔之中,殘留烴的存在對于陸相頁巖儲(chǔ)層孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)的表征以及含氣性的分析均有影響。凝析氣階段有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙隨著烴類的排出和裂解而增多,被殘留液態(tài)烴堵塞的孔隙開啟,同時(shí)頁巖儲(chǔ)層內(nèi)部壓力下降,壓實(shí)作用增強(qiáng)。除此之外,有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙的發(fā)育還與有機(jī)質(zhì)的賦存狀態(tài)有關(guān),黏土礦物和黃鐵礦的催化生烴作用導(dǎo)致分散伴生態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)中孔隙的孔徑小于富集態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì),較富集態(tài)有機(jī)質(zhì)孔隙更加發(fā)育。
[Abstract]:The terrestrial shale gas resources account for 1/3 of the total shale gas resources, but the exploration breakthrough of the terrestrial shale gas is not large, and the pore structure of the reservoir which restricts the shale gas content is still very weak. In this paper, the continental shale of the Triassic Yanchang formation of the Ordos Basin and the Dawagou formation of the Middle Jurassic in the Qaidam Basin are taken as the research objects. The original shale samples, which have not been extracted and treated, are analyzed by TOC, pyrolysis of rocks, and X-ray diffraction. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), low pressure CO2/N2 adsorption, high pressure mercury injection and other techniques are used to study the reservoir characteristics, pore structure evolution and controlling factors of terrestrial shale. The results show that the continental shale has the characteristics of "two high and two low types": high organic carbon content and clay mineral content, low thermal evolution degree and brittle mineral content, and a large number of organic matter types, mainly partial humic mixed type. The main lithofacies types include clay shale, siliceous shale and mixed shale, in which siliceous shale has the most developed grain layer, and the TOC content of clay shale and mixed shale is high. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the pore types of continental shale in the study area are mainly intergranular pore, intragranular pore and organic pore. Compared with marine shale, the intergranular pore diameter of continental shale is larger (up to micron size). However, the pore diameter is small (tens to hundreds of nanometers), and the pore size and distribution of organic matter are not uniform. The pore size of continental clay shale is relatively small, the pore connectivity is good, and the slit pores with parallel walls and the ink bottle pores are relatively developed. The pore size of mixed shale is relatively large, the pore connectivity is poor, the wedge-shaped slit pore is relatively developed, and the ink bottle pore is less developed. With the increase of maturity, the unit TOC pore volume of clay shale decreases, the whole mixed shale decreases and then increases, and the micropore volume decreases. The ratio of pore volume to total pore volume of two types of lithofacies shale is high, and micropore and mesopore provide the main specific surface area. The ratio of mesopore to total pore volume and total specific surface area of clay shale 2~10nm decreased with the increase of evolution degree, while the proportion of 2~10nm medium pore to total pore volume and total specific surface area of mixed shale increased. The formation of immature oil and gas and the dissolution of organic acids promote the development of shale pores. The filling of liquid hydrocarbon and the deep compaction of shale reservoirs result in the decrease of effective pores of shale. The number and pore size of pores change rapidly in the window stage of oil generation. The formation of liquid hydrocarbons and the residual plugging of pores occur mainly in the micropores of 0.3~0.6nm and the mesoporous pores of 2~20nm. The existence of residual hydrocarbon has influence on pore structure characterization and gas bearing analysis of continental shale reservoir. At the stage of condensate gas, the pores of organic matter increase with the expulsion and cracking of hydrocarbons, and the pores blocked by residual liquid hydrocarbon open, and the internal pressure of shale reservoir decreases and the compaction increases. In addition, the development of organic pores is related to the occurrence of organic matter. The pore size of pores in organic matter is smaller than that of enriched organic matter due to the catalytic hydrocarbon generation of clay and pyrite. The porosity of organic matter is more developed than that of enriched organic matter.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國石油大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：P618.13
本文編號(hào)：2367190
[Abstract]:The terrestrial shale gas resources account for 1/3 of the total shale gas resources, but the exploration breakthrough of the terrestrial shale gas is not large, and the pore structure of the reservoir which restricts the shale gas content is still very weak. In this paper, the continental shale of the Triassic Yanchang formation of the Ordos Basin and the Dawagou formation of the Middle Jurassic in the Qaidam Basin are taken as the research objects. The original shale samples, which have not been extracted and treated, are analyzed by TOC, pyrolysis of rocks, and X-ray diffraction. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), low pressure CO2/N2 adsorption, high pressure mercury injection and other techniques are used to study the reservoir characteristics, pore structure evolution and controlling factors of terrestrial shale. The results show that the continental shale has the characteristics of "two high and two low types": high organic carbon content and clay mineral content, low thermal evolution degree and brittle mineral content, and a large number of organic matter types, mainly partial humic mixed type. The main lithofacies types include clay shale, siliceous shale and mixed shale, in which siliceous shale has the most developed grain layer, and the TOC content of clay shale and mixed shale is high. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the pore types of continental shale in the study area are mainly intergranular pore, intragranular pore and organic pore. Compared with marine shale, the intergranular pore diameter of continental shale is larger (up to micron size). However, the pore diameter is small (tens to hundreds of nanometers), and the pore size and distribution of organic matter are not uniform. The pore size of continental clay shale is relatively small, the pore connectivity is good, and the slit pores with parallel walls and the ink bottle pores are relatively developed. The pore size of mixed shale is relatively large, the pore connectivity is poor, the wedge-shaped slit pore is relatively developed, and the ink bottle pore is less developed. With the increase of maturity, the unit TOC pore volume of clay shale decreases, the whole mixed shale decreases and then increases, and the micropore volume decreases. The ratio of pore volume to total pore volume of two types of lithofacies shale is high, and micropore and mesopore provide the main specific surface area. The ratio of mesopore to total pore volume and total specific surface area of clay shale 2~10nm decreased with the increase of evolution degree, while the proportion of 2~10nm medium pore to total pore volume and total specific surface area of mixed shale increased. The formation of immature oil and gas and the dissolution of organic acids promote the development of shale pores. The filling of liquid hydrocarbon and the deep compaction of shale reservoirs result in the decrease of effective pores of shale. The number and pore size of pores change rapidly in the window stage of oil generation. The formation of liquid hydrocarbons and the residual plugging of pores occur mainly in the micropores of 0.3~0.6nm and the mesoporous pores of 2~20nm. The existence of residual hydrocarbon has influence on pore structure characterization and gas bearing analysis of continental shale reservoir. At the stage of condensate gas, the pores of organic matter increase with the expulsion and cracking of hydrocarbons, and the pores blocked by residual liquid hydrocarbon open, and the internal pressure of shale reservoir decreases and the compaction increases. In addition, the development of organic pores is related to the occurrence of organic matter. The pore size of pores in organic matter is smaller than that of enriched organic matter due to the catalytic hydrocarbon generation of clay and pyrite. The porosity of organic matter is more developed than that of enriched organic matter.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國石油大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：P618.13
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