【摘要】：華鎣山地區(qū)是川東平行嶺谷主體山脈,是由一系列近于平行的狹長不對稱箱狀高背斜組成“隔檔式構(gòu)造”構(gòu)造山系,為一套寒武紀(jì)至三疊紀(jì)的碳酸鹽巖地層,分布面積987.88km~2,巖溶廣泛發(fā)育。華鎣山是四川主要產(chǎn)煤區(qū)之一,龍?zhí)睹合凳侵饕漠a(chǎn)煤層,位于P_1m+q和P_2c巖溶含水層之間,開采難度較大。華鎣山地區(qū)現(xiàn)有87處開采龍?zhí)睹合档拿旱V,發(fā)生多起巖溶涌突水事故。論文運(yùn)用水文地質(zhì)調(diào)查、地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)、同位素技術(shù)、水文地球化學(xué)反向模擬、示蹤試驗(yàn)、地球物理勘探等技術(shù)手段,以區(qū)域地下水系統(tǒng)理論為指導(dǎo),系統(tǒng)研究了華鎣山地區(qū)巖溶含水系統(tǒng)、巖溶水運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)以及龍?zhí)睹合蹬c巖溶水系統(tǒng)組合特征等,對華鎣山地區(qū)龍?zhí)睹合甸_采具有重要的科學(xué)指導(dǎo)意義。取得以下主要成果與結(jié)論:(1)區(qū)域內(nèi)可溶巖地層主要有三疊系(T)、二疊系(P)、奧陶系(O)和寒武系(?)等,總面積為987.88km~2;三疊系(T)碳酸鹽巖出露面積最廣,占總量的80.71%;二疊系(P)碳酸鹽巖以灰?guī)r或灰?guī)r夾泥灰?guī)r為主,占總量的16.33%;奧陶系(O)以均勻狀灰?guī)r或互層狀泥灰?guī)r為主,占總量的1.71%;寒武系(?)以純質(zhì)白云巖為主,占總量的1.25%。(2)區(qū)內(nèi)巖溶發(fā)育形態(tài)豐富,巖溶個體共計(jì)2061個;溶蝕洼地633個,高程范圍600~1000m內(nèi)467個,占溶蝕洼地總量的73.78%;落水洞477個,高程范圍600~1000m內(nèi)381個,占落水洞總量的79.87%;溶斗和豎井共計(jì)768個,高程范圍600~1100m內(nèi)730個,占溶斗和豎井總量的80.47%;溶洞183個,高程范圍400~900m內(nèi)135個,占溶洞點(diǎn)比例73.77%;地層巖溶發(fā)育強(qiáng)度依次為T_1jT_1fP_1m+qP_2c+P_2lO?_(2-3)ls。(3)巖溶介質(zhì)形態(tài)組合劃分為純層管道-裂隙型、夾層管道-裂隙型和裂隙型等3類,純層管道-裂隙型含水介質(zhì)主要分布在T_2l、T_1j、T_1f2+4、P_1m+q、O1t+h和?_(2-3)ls含水層,分布面積為872.73km~2,夾層管道-裂隙型主要分布在P_2c、P_2l2+4和O2-3含水層,分布面積為115.15km~2,裂隙型在各巖溶含水層均有分布;巖溶含水巖組分為3個富水等級,強(qiáng)-極強(qiáng)富水巖組分布面積為848.91km~2,中-強(qiáng)富水含水巖組分布面積為133.64km~2,中-弱富水含水巖組分布面積為5.33km~2;巖溶蓄水構(gòu)造分為背斜型、向斜型和復(fù)合型3類,巖溶水主要徑流方式為順軸向流動而形成地下河徑流帶或“倒虹吸”式垂直軸向徑流。(4)區(qū)內(nèi)巖溶水主要補(bǔ)給來源為大氣降水和地表水,徑流通道以管道和裂隙為主,排泄途徑主要為巖溶泉、地下河及人工疏排;巖溶水運(yùn)動垂向分為表生巖溶帶、垂直下滲帶、季節(jié)交替帶、飽水帶、壓力飽水帶和深部緩流帶,并劃分為單一構(gòu)造型、復(fù)合構(gòu)造Ⅰ型和復(fù)合構(gòu)造Ⅱ型等3種巖溶水運(yùn)動垂向分帶模式,區(qū)內(nèi)煤礦的風(fēng)井巷道多位于季節(jié)交替帶或飽水帶,采煤巷道多位于壓力飽水帶;巖溶水運(yùn)動模式劃分為背斜構(gòu)造控制和向斜構(gòu)造控制2大類,6小類;綜合巖溶含水結(jié)構(gòu)特征、巖溶水運(yùn)動特征、水化學(xué)特征及循環(huán)交替分析、典型巖溶水子系統(tǒng)解剖等,提出華鎣山地區(qū)巖溶水系統(tǒng)的概念模型。(5)根據(jù)對煤層的充水特征,巖溶含水層分為直接充水含水層和間接充水含水層,前者包括P_1m底板直接充水含水層和P_2l直接頂板充水含水層,后者包括P_2c、T_1f、T_1j和T_2l等含水層,對煤層和井硐威脅最大為P_2c巖溶含水層;煤系賦存形態(tài)受華鎣山復(fù)式構(gòu)造的滑脫構(gòu)造格局控制,形成煤層直立或倒轉(zhuǎn)、重復(fù)或缺失、厚度局部變化和破壞煤層連續(xù)性等4種賦存形態(tài);煤系與巖溶水系統(tǒng)組合關(guān)系分為單斜構(gòu)造型(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型)、向斜構(gòu)造型、斷塊構(gòu)造型和復(fù)合構(gòu)造型4類;在龍灘煤礦繪制了P_2c和P_1m含水層天然條件和疏干條件下的巖溶水等水位及流場圖,天然條件下的礦區(qū)巖溶水運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)具有層次性,疏干條件下的礦區(qū)巖溶水運(yùn)動系統(tǒng)不斷演化,出水點(diǎn)和巖溶泉之間出現(xiàn)次級分水嶺,隨疏干排水進(jìn)行,分水嶺逐漸外移,巖溶水系統(tǒng)的非統(tǒng)一性增強(qiáng),分層性減弱或消失。(6)以龍門峽南煤礦突水案例,突水水源判別研究顯示回風(fēng)平硐M1監(jiān)測點(diǎn)和M2監(jiān)測點(diǎn)與S3泉點(diǎn)和S5泉點(diǎn)具有一定的水化學(xué)相似關(guān)系,與T_2投入點(diǎn)具有一定的水力聯(lián)系,其中M1監(jiān)測點(diǎn)與S3泉點(diǎn)具有較大的同源性,與T_2投入點(diǎn)具有較大的連通性,徑流通道入口和出口均位于P_2c含水層;地下徑流通道探測研究發(fā)現(xiàn)裂隙密集發(fā)育區(qū)20處、大型新溶洞5個、導(dǎo)水?dāng)鄬?條,并驗(yàn)證了6#溶洞與+623m回風(fēng)平硐地下暗河之間的水力聯(lián)系,劃定巖溶發(fā)育集中高程為540~660m,多處于P_2c巖溶含水層,具備水力聯(lián)系。(7)煤礦巖溶突水通道主要為斷層帶和巖溶導(dǎo)水陷落柱,裂隙是其基本要素,T_1f、P_2c和P_1m地層張裂隙發(fā)育,多貫穿上下含水層,對煤系地層充水影響較大;張性斷層多為充水和導(dǎo)水?dāng)鄬?突水壓力大,原始狀態(tài)下壓扭性斷層充水和導(dǎo)水性能較差,在靜水壓力和礦山壓力作用下,閉合型斷層可進(jìn)一步破碎或充填物被沖蝕而轉(zhuǎn)化為可充水和導(dǎo)水?dāng)鄬?結(jié)合斷層性質(zhì)歸納斷層突水模式;本區(qū)域P_2c和P_1m含水層發(fā)育大量巖溶陷落柱,具明顯的分區(qū)性和分帶性,P_2c地層巖溶陷落柱是巖溶水的主要徑流通道,可貫穿上下含水層,當(dāng)與冒裂帶導(dǎo)通時,可形成突水主要通道;采動條件下煤層底板破壞深度與P_1m地層陷落柱擴(kuò)展裂隙導(dǎo)通時,也可產(chǎn)生滲水或突水。
[Abstract]:Huayingshan area is the main mountain range of the parallel ridge and valley in eastern Sichuan. It is composed of a series of narrow and asymmetrical box-like anticlines which are close to parallel. It is a set of carbonate strata from Cambrian to Triassic. The area of Huayingshan is 987.88 km~2 and the karst is widely developed. The main coal-producing seams are located between the P_1m+q and P_2c karst aquifers, so it is difficult to exploit them. There are 87 coal mines in Huayingshan area which have exploited Longtan coal measures, and many karst water inrush accidents have occurred. Guided by the theory of regional groundwater system, the karst water system, karst water movement system and the combination characteristics of Longtan coal measures and karst water systems in Huayingshan area are systematically studied, which has important scientific significance for Longtan coal measures mining in Huayingshan area. The strata are mainly Triassic (T), Permian (P), Ordovician (O) and Cambrian (Cambrian), with a total area of 987.88 km~2; Triassic (T) carbonate rocks are the most widespread, accounting for 80.71% of the total; Permian (P) carbonate rocks are mainly limestone or limestone-marl, accounting for 16.33% of the total; Ordovician (O) is mainly homogeneous limestone or interbedded mudstone, accounting for the total. (2) There are 2 061 karst individuals in the area, 633 karst depressions, 467 in the range of 600-1000 m, accounting for 73.78% of the total amount of karst depressions; 477 caves, 381 in the range of 600-1000 m, accounting for 79.87% of the total amount of caverns; There are 768 karst caves, 730 in the range of 600-1100m, accounting for 80.47% of the total karst bucket and shaft; 183 caves, 135 in the range of 400-900m, accounting for 73.77% of the total karst caves; and the formation karst development intensity is T_1jT_1fP_1m+qP_2c+P_2lO? (2-3) ls. (3) The karst medium morphological combination is divided into pure layer pipeline-crack type, interlayer pipeline-crack type and interlayer pipeline-crack type. Fissure-type aquifers are mainly distributed in T_2l, T_1j, T_1f_2+4, P_1m+q, O_1t+h and?(2-3) LS aquifers with an area of 872.73 km~2. Interlayer pipeline-fissure aquifers are mainly distributed in P_2c, P_2l_2+4 and O_2-3 aquifers with an area of 115.15 km~2. It is divided into three water-rich classes, the distribution area of strong-extremely strong water-rich rock group is 848.91 km~2, the distribution area of medium-strong water-rich rock group is 133.64 km~2, and the distribution area of medium-weak water-rich rock group is 5.33 km~2. The karst water storage structure is divided into anticline type, syncline type and composite type. The Main Runoff mode of karst water is along-axis flow and underground river diameter is formed. (4) The main recharge sources of karst water in the area are atmospheric precipitation and surface water, and the runoff channels are mainly pipelines and fissures, and the discharge channels are mainly karst springs, underground rivers and artificial drainage; the vertical movement of karst water is divided into supergene karst zone, vertical infiltration zone, seasonal alternating zone, saturated zone, and pressure saturation zone. Water zone and deep slow flow zone are divided into three vertical zoning modes of karst water movement, i.e. single structural type, composite structural type I and composite structural type II. The air shaft tunnels in the area are mostly located in the seasonal alternating zone or water-saturated zone, and the coal mining tunnels are mostly located in the pressure-saturated zone. The conceptual model of karst water system in Huayingshan area is put forward based on the characteristics of karst water-bearing structure, karst water movement, hydrochemical characteristics and cyclic alternation analysis, and the anatomy of typical karst water subsystems. (5) According to the water-filling characteristics of coal seams, karst aquifers are divided into direct water-filling aquifers and indirect water-filling aquifers. The former includes the P_1m floor water-filled aquifer and the P_2l roof water-filled aquifer, while the latter includes the P_2c, T_1f, T_1j and T_2l aquifers, with the biggest threat to coal seams and caverns being the P_2c karst aquifer; the occurrence form of coal measures is controlled by the slip structure pattern of Huayingshan complex structure, forming the coal seam vertical or inverted, repeated or missing, thickness. There are four kinds of occurrence forms, i.e. local change and destruction of coal seam continuity; the association relationship between coal measures and karst water system can be divided into monoclinic structure type (type I and type II), synclinal structure type, fault block structure type and composite structure type; the water level and flow field maps of P_2c and P_1m aquifers under natural and drainage conditions are drawn in Longtan Coal Mine. The karst water movement system under the condition of drainage is hierarchical, and the karst water movement system under the condition of drainage is evolving continuously, and a secondary watershed appears between the water outlet point and the karst spring. With the drainage proceeding, the watershed gradually moves out, the non-uniformity of the karst water system is strengthened, and the stratification is weakened or disappeared. (6) The water inrush from the South Coal Mine of Longmen Gorge Case study shows that M1 monitoring point and M2 monitoring point of return air tunnel have some similar relationship with S3 spring point and S5 spring point, and have certain hydraulic connection with T 2 input point. M1 monitoring point and S3 spring point have greater homology, and have greater connectivity with T 2 input point, and the inlet and outlet of runoff channel are both. It is located in the P_2c aquifer; the detection and study of underground runoff channel found 20 densely developed fracture areas, 5 large new karst caves and 2 water-conducting faults, and verified the hydraulic relationship between the 6# karst cave and the underground river of the + 623m return air adit, and demarcated the karst development concentrated elevation of 540 ~ 660m, mostly in the P_2c karst aquifer, with hydraulic connection. (7) Coal mine karst. Water inrush channel is mainly fault zone and karst water-conducting subsidence column, fissure is its basic element, T_1f, P_2c and P_1m formation tensile fissure development, mostly through the upper and lower aquifers, water-filling of coal measures formation has a greater impact; Tensional faults are mostly water-filling and water-conducting faults, water inrush pressure is large, the original state of compressive-torsional faults water-filling and conductivity is poor, in static state. Under the action of water pressure and underground pressure, closed faults can be further broken or filled with erosion into water-filling and conducting faults, combined with the nature of faults, water inrush model of faults is summarized; there are a large number of karst subsidence columns in the P_2c and P_1m aquifers in this area, with obvious zoning and zoning, and the karst subsidence columns in P_2c strata are karst water. The Main Runoff channel can penetrate the upper and lower aquifers, and the main channel of water inrush can be formed when it is connected with the caving zone.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：成都理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P641.461

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