高能射流式液動錘沖擊系統(tǒng)理論研究及關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化分析
發(fā)布時間：2018-07-29 18:23
【摘要】：干熱巖資源作為一種新興清潔能源,憑借其龐大的熱儲量、巨大的開采潛力以及戰(zhàn)略價值受到全世界的廣泛關(guān)注。由于干熱巖地層埋藏深且地質(zhì)條件復(fù)雜、巖層硬度高、可鉆性差,現(xiàn)有鉆進(jìn)工藝存在鉆進(jìn)效率低、井下事故率高、鉆井周期長成本高等突出難題。為此,本文提出干熱巖快速鉆井用高能射流式液動錘鉆進(jìn)技術(shù),該技術(shù)在同種規(guī)格條件下具有沖擊功大、碎巖效率高、成孔質(zhì)量好、易損件少、使用壽命長等特點(diǎn),尤其適用于強(qiáng)度高、硬度大、研磨性強(qiáng)、可鉆性差的干熱巖地層鉆進(jìn),且不受井內(nèi)圍壓條件限制,有望突破深井乃至超深井硬巖地層鉆進(jìn)難題。本文圍繞高能液動錘輸入端壓力高、沖擊功大等特點(diǎn),對新型高能射流式液動錘的關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)如射流元件、緩沖機(jī)構(gòu)、缸體、沖錘等等展開深入研究。探討高能液動錘在高壓動載條件下的密封可靠性、大沖擊功下的耐久性以及能量傳遞的合理性等等。本文的研究內(nèi)容及主要結(jié)論如下:(1)新型全硬質(zhì)合金射流元件解決了高速流體沖蝕問題,然而由于硬質(zhì)合金元件脆性大、沖擊下易斷裂的特點(diǎn),嚴(yán)重影響了高能液動錘的工作可靠性性。為此設(shè)計(jì)了碟簧緩沖、緩沖腔緩沖以及中接頭碰撞緩沖三種回程緩沖機(jī)構(gòu),運(yùn)用了Fluent與ANSYS/LSDYNA數(shù)值仿真分析手段對其緩沖效果進(jìn)行評價,并對照試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。結(jié)果表明:三種回程緩沖機(jī)構(gòu)均能有效降低沖錘回程沖擊功,保護(hù)硬質(zhì)合金射流元件免受大能量沖擊破壞;(2)針對高壓高能沖擊器特點(diǎn)分析現(xiàn)有密封結(jié)構(gòu)存在的問題,并進(jìn)一步提出合理密封結(jié)構(gòu)。得出的結(jié)論如下:1)高壓流體環(huán)境下碟簧對高能沖擊器中密封圈工作狀態(tài)具有重要影響,其變形后產(chǎn)生的間隙張開量是造成密封圈損壞的直接原因。隨著碟簧數(shù)量增加,密封圈密封壓力提高,當(dāng)?shù)蔀槲迤B合時,可滿足現(xiàn)有高壓高能沖擊器的密封要求;2)缸體結(jié)構(gòu)采用內(nèi)通道一體式結(jié)構(gòu)替代了原有的內(nèi)外缸配合的結(jié)構(gòu)方式,大幅減少了密封圈的使用,提高了高溫高壓環(huán)境下的密封可靠性;(3)對射流式?jīng)_擊器沖錘結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)與能量傳遞效率關(guān)系展開了深入研究,討論等速度等質(zhì)量條件下不同結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)的沖錘與不同種類巖石撞擊時,沖錘長度和直徑對能量傳遞效率的影響,得到結(jié)論為:1)沖錘結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)與碎巖效果的關(guān)系同所鉆進(jìn)的地層情況密切相關(guān);2)沖錘長度并非越長越好而是存在最優(yōu)值,當(dāng)超過最優(yōu)值巖石吸能值開下降,而巖石吸能值則隨著沖錘直徑的增加而增加;)沖錘結(jié)構(gòu)對巖石吸能值的影響與沖錘沖擊末速度有關(guān),沖錘的沖擊末速度越大,巖石吸能值越高,碎巖效果越好;4)沖錘與鉆頭相對面積大小決定了應(yīng)力分布狀態(tài),應(yīng)力集中往往出現(xiàn)在較小的撞擊面邊緣,而最大應(yīng)力始終出現(xiàn)在鉆頭尾部,設(shè)計(jì)時應(yīng)著重考慮鉆頭強(qiáng)度;5)對于高速沖擊且用于硬巖鉆進(jìn)的高能射流式液動錘而言,沖錘結(jié)構(gòu)對能量傳遞影響可忽略;(4)通過數(shù)值模擬仿真分析,建立沖錘擺動與液動錘沖擊能量利用率的關(guān)系,得出:1)沖錘擺動會造成沖錘在運(yùn)動過程中頻繁與側(cè)壁面摩擦碰撞,造成不必要的能量損失,降低鉆進(jìn)效率;2)凸起高度、凸起位置、活塞桿直徑、活塞桿與缸體配合間隙均會影響能量傳遞;3)初始速度增加,沖錘速度損失加劇,而由不平整度引起的能量損耗比率卻隨之減少。表明高能液動錘相對于常規(guī)液動錘更具優(yōu)勢,對于長時間沖擊碰撞造成的撞擊面局部變形或破損以及配合間隙等引起的擺動并不十分敏感,對于加工精度要求相對較低,既保證了長期惡劣工況下工作的穩(wěn)定性,又降低了加工成本;(5)探討將雙射流噴嘴、帶過渡腔旋轉(zhuǎn)射流噴嘴以及環(huán)噴型旋轉(zhuǎn)射流噴嘴應(yīng)用于潛孔錘鉆頭的可行性,并運(yùn)用Fluent對帶有三種噴嘴的鉆頭孔底流場分布進(jìn)行研究,分析對巖屑運(yùn)移、輔助孔底碎巖等方面的影響。結(jié)果表明低壓小流量入口條件下雙射流噴嘴和帶過渡腔旋轉(zhuǎn)射流噴嘴無論從巖屑運(yùn)移還是輔助碎巖角度效果均不理想,而環(huán)噴型旋轉(zhuǎn)噴嘴通過將旋轉(zhuǎn)射流和環(huán)噴射流相結(jié)合,有效降低了噴嘴出口中心處地層壓力,在井底形成高低壓交替的應(yīng)力場分布,降低孔底靜液柱壓持效應(yīng),同時增強(qiáng)孔底巖屑的懸浮和擾動,與常規(guī)斜噴嘴相配合可在高效清潔孔底的同時提高機(jī)械鉆速。本論文的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)主要有:(1)創(chuàng)新性提出三種緩沖機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì),通過數(shù)值仿真技術(shù)與試驗(yàn)手段對緩沖機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的合理性進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證;(2)首次針對高壓流體環(huán)境下的沖擊動載對沖擊器內(nèi)部密封影響進(jìn)行了研究,分析了沖錘回程沖擊對于液動錘上部各構(gòu)件間密封特性的影響,建立了間隙分離量與密封圈工作穩(wěn)定性關(guān)系,并提出了合理的碟簧布置方式;(3)采用ANSYS/LSDYNA數(shù)值模擬手段替代傳統(tǒng)的解析法,對射流式?jīng)_擊器沖錘結(jié)構(gòu)與能量傳遞關(guān)系進(jìn)行了研究,并分析了沖錘徑向擺動對能量傳遞效率的影響;(4)論文首次提出將環(huán)噴型旋轉(zhuǎn)射流噴嘴應(yīng)用于高能射流式液動潛孔錘球齒鉆頭。
[Abstract]:Dry hot rock, as a new kind of clean energy, is widely concerned all over the world because of its huge thermal reserves, huge exploitation potential and strategic value. Because of deep buried and complicated geological conditions, the hardness of the rock layer is high and the drillability is poor. The drilling efficiency is low, the accident rate is high, and the drilling cycle is long. In this paper, the high energy jet hydraulic hammer drilling technology is put forward in this paper, which has the characteristics of high impact power, high crushing efficiency, good hole quality, few vulnerable parts and long service life under the same specification, especially for dry hot rock with high strength, high hardness, strong abrasiveness and poor drillability. It is hopeful to break through the difficult problems of hard rock formation in deep and ultra deep wells without confining pressure conditions in the well. In this paper, the key structures of the high energy hydraulic hammer are high pressure and great impact power, such as the key structure of the new high energy jet hydraulic hammer, such as the jet element, the buffer mechanism, the cylinder body and the punching hammer. The sealing reliability of the hydraulic hammer under high pressure dynamic load conditions, the durability of the high impact power and the rationality of the energy transfer, and so on. The contents and main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) the new all hard alloy jet elements have solved the problem of high speed fluid erosion, however, because of the large brittleness of the hard alloy components, the fracture is easily broken under the impact. The working reliability of high energy hydraulic hammer is seriously affected. Three kinds of return buffer mechanisms are designed, which are disc spring buffer, buffer cavity buffer and middle joint collision buffer. Fluent and ANSYS/LSDYNA numerical simulation analysis methods are used to evaluate the buffer effect and verify the results compared with the test results. The results show that three backstroke buffers are tested. The structure can effectively reduce the impact work of the hammer back, protect the hard alloy jet components from the large energy impact damage. (2) in view of the characteristics of high pressure and high energy impactor, the existing seal structure is analyzed, and the reasonable seal structure is further proposed. The conclusions are as follows: 1) the disc spring in high pressure fluid environment has the seal ring in the high energy shock device. The gap opening after the deformation is the direct cause of the seal ring damage. With the increase of the disc spring number, the sealing pressure of the sealing ring is increased. When the disc spring is five laminated, it can meet the sealing requirements of the existing high pressure high energy impactor; 2) the cylinder structure is replaced by the inner channel integral structure. The structure mode of internal and external cylinders greatly reduces the use of sealing rings and improves the reliability of sealing in high temperature and high pressure environment. (3) the relationship between the structural parameters of the impingement hammer and the energy transfer efficiency is deeply studied, and the impact of the impingement hammer with different types of rock under the same velocity and other quality conditions is discussed. The effect of hammer length and diameter on energy transfer efficiency is concluded as follows: 1) the relationship between the structural parameters of the hammer and the effect of rock breaking is closely related to the formation of the drilling strata; 2) the length of the hammer is not the longer the better, but the best value, and the rock energy absorption value increases with the increase of the diameter of the hammer when the maximum value exceeds the optimum value. The impact of the impact hammer structure on the rock energy absorption value is related to the impact end velocity of the hammer, the greater the end velocity of the impact hammer, the higher the rock energy absorption value, the better the rock crushing effect; 4) the relative area between the hammer and the bit determines the stress distribution state, and the stress concentration often appears on the smaller impact surface edge, and the maximum stress always appears in the drill. Head and tail, the design should focus on the strength of the bit; 5) for high velocity impact and high energy jet hydraulic hammer for hard rock drilling, the impact of the impact hammer structure on energy transfer can be ignored. (4) through numerical simulation analysis, the relationship between the impact energy utilization ratio of the hammer swing and the hydraulic hammer is established, and 1) the flushing hammer will cause the punching hammer to be caused by the hammer. The friction collide frequently with the side wall during the movement, causing unnecessary energy loss and reducing drilling efficiency; 2) the height of the bulge, the position of the protruding, the diameter of the piston rod, the gap between the piston rod and the cylinder body will affect the energy transfer; 3) the initial velocity increases, the speed loss of the punching hammer is aggravated, and the loss ratio caused by the unevenness is reduced. The results show that the high energy hydraulic hammer is more advantageous than the conventional hydraulic hammer. It is not very sensitive to the local deformation or breakage of the impact surface caused by the long impact impact and the swing with the gap and so on. The requirement for machining precision is relatively low, which not only ensures the stability of the working conditions under the bad conditions for a long time, but also reduces the processing cost; (5 The feasibility of applying the double jet nozzle, the swirling jet nozzle with the transition cavity and the annular jet nozzle to the DTH hammer bit is discussed, and the distribution of the flow field at the bottom of the drill hole with three kinds of nozzles is studied by Fluent, and the influence on the movement of the cuttings and the auxiliary rock bottom rock is analyzed. The results show that the low pressure and small flow entry bar is shown. Both the two jet nozzles and the rotating jet nozzles with the transition cavity are not ideal for both the movement of the cuttings and the auxiliary rock. By combining the rotating jet and the annular jet flow, the annular jet nozzle effectively reduces the formation pressure at the outlet center of the nozzle, and reduces the bottom of the hole at the bottom of the well and reduces the bottom of the hole. The static liquid column compression effect, at the same time enhances the suspension and disturbance of the hole bottom rock, and can improve the mechanical drilling speed at the same time with the conventional inclined nozzles at the same time. The innovation points of this paper are as follows: (1) innovatively put forward three kinds of buffer mechanism design, through numerical simulation technology and test means to test the rationality of the design of the buffer mechanism. (2) (2) the impact of impact dynamic load on the internal seal of the impactor was studied for the first time. The influence of the impact of the hammer back to the seal characteristics between the components of the upper part of the hydraulic hammer was analyzed. The relationship between the clearance separation and the stability of the seal ring was established, and a reasonable arrangement of the disc spring was put forward. (3) the use of ANSYS/LSD YNA numerical simulation method is used to replace the traditional analytic method. The relationship between the impact hammer structure and energy transfer is studied, and the influence of the radial wobble on the energy transfer efficiency is analyzed. (4) the circular jet nozzle is applied to the high energy jet hydraulic DTH ball bit for the first time.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P634.5
本文編號：2153602
[Abstract]:Dry hot rock, as a new kind of clean energy, is widely concerned all over the world because of its huge thermal reserves, huge exploitation potential and strategic value. Because of deep buried and complicated geological conditions, the hardness of the rock layer is high and the drillability is poor. The drilling efficiency is low, the accident rate is high, and the drilling cycle is long. In this paper, the high energy jet hydraulic hammer drilling technology is put forward in this paper, which has the characteristics of high impact power, high crushing efficiency, good hole quality, few vulnerable parts and long service life under the same specification, especially for dry hot rock with high strength, high hardness, strong abrasiveness and poor drillability. It is hopeful to break through the difficult problems of hard rock formation in deep and ultra deep wells without confining pressure conditions in the well. In this paper, the key structures of the high energy hydraulic hammer are high pressure and great impact power, such as the key structure of the new high energy jet hydraulic hammer, such as the jet element, the buffer mechanism, the cylinder body and the punching hammer. The sealing reliability of the hydraulic hammer under high pressure dynamic load conditions, the durability of the high impact power and the rationality of the energy transfer, and so on. The contents and main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) the new all hard alloy jet elements have solved the problem of high speed fluid erosion, however, because of the large brittleness of the hard alloy components, the fracture is easily broken under the impact. The working reliability of high energy hydraulic hammer is seriously affected. Three kinds of return buffer mechanisms are designed, which are disc spring buffer, buffer cavity buffer and middle joint collision buffer. Fluent and ANSYS/LSDYNA numerical simulation analysis methods are used to evaluate the buffer effect and verify the results compared with the test results. The results show that three backstroke buffers are tested. The structure can effectively reduce the impact work of the hammer back, protect the hard alloy jet components from the large energy impact damage. (2) in view of the characteristics of high pressure and high energy impactor, the existing seal structure is analyzed, and the reasonable seal structure is further proposed. The conclusions are as follows: 1) the disc spring in high pressure fluid environment has the seal ring in the high energy shock device. The gap opening after the deformation is the direct cause of the seal ring damage. With the increase of the disc spring number, the sealing pressure of the sealing ring is increased. When the disc spring is five laminated, it can meet the sealing requirements of the existing high pressure high energy impactor; 2) the cylinder structure is replaced by the inner channel integral structure. The structure mode of internal and external cylinders greatly reduces the use of sealing rings and improves the reliability of sealing in high temperature and high pressure environment. (3) the relationship between the structural parameters of the impingement hammer and the energy transfer efficiency is deeply studied, and the impact of the impingement hammer with different types of rock under the same velocity and other quality conditions is discussed. The effect of hammer length and diameter on energy transfer efficiency is concluded as follows: 1) the relationship between the structural parameters of the hammer and the effect of rock breaking is closely related to the formation of the drilling strata; 2) the length of the hammer is not the longer the better, but the best value, and the rock energy absorption value increases with the increase of the diameter of the hammer when the maximum value exceeds the optimum value. The impact of the impact hammer structure on the rock energy absorption value is related to the impact end velocity of the hammer, the greater the end velocity of the impact hammer, the higher the rock energy absorption value, the better the rock crushing effect; 4) the relative area between the hammer and the bit determines the stress distribution state, and the stress concentration often appears on the smaller impact surface edge, and the maximum stress always appears in the drill. Head and tail, the design should focus on the strength of the bit; 5) for high velocity impact and high energy jet hydraulic hammer for hard rock drilling, the impact of the impact hammer structure on energy transfer can be ignored. (4) through numerical simulation analysis, the relationship between the impact energy utilization ratio of the hammer swing and the hydraulic hammer is established, and 1) the flushing hammer will cause the punching hammer to be caused by the hammer. The friction collide frequently with the side wall during the movement, causing unnecessary energy loss and reducing drilling efficiency; 2) the height of the bulge, the position of the protruding, the diameter of the piston rod, the gap between the piston rod and the cylinder body will affect the energy transfer; 3) the initial velocity increases, the speed loss of the punching hammer is aggravated, and the loss ratio caused by the unevenness is reduced. The results show that the high energy hydraulic hammer is more advantageous than the conventional hydraulic hammer. It is not very sensitive to the local deformation or breakage of the impact surface caused by the long impact impact and the swing with the gap and so on. The requirement for machining precision is relatively low, which not only ensures the stability of the working conditions under the bad conditions for a long time, but also reduces the processing cost; (5 The feasibility of applying the double jet nozzle, the swirling jet nozzle with the transition cavity and the annular jet nozzle to the DTH hammer bit is discussed, and the distribution of the flow field at the bottom of the drill hole with three kinds of nozzles is studied by Fluent, and the influence on the movement of the cuttings and the auxiliary rock bottom rock is analyzed. The results show that the low pressure and small flow entry bar is shown. Both the two jet nozzles and the rotating jet nozzles with the transition cavity are not ideal for both the movement of the cuttings and the auxiliary rock. By combining the rotating jet and the annular jet flow, the annular jet nozzle effectively reduces the formation pressure at the outlet center of the nozzle, and reduces the bottom of the hole at the bottom of the well and reduces the bottom of the hole. The static liquid column compression effect, at the same time enhances the suspension and disturbance of the hole bottom rock, and can improve the mechanical drilling speed at the same time with the conventional inclined nozzles at the same time. The innovation points of this paper are as follows: (1) innovatively put forward three kinds of buffer mechanism design, through numerical simulation technology and test means to test the rationality of the design of the buffer mechanism. (2) (2) the impact of impact dynamic load on the internal seal of the impactor was studied for the first time. The influence of the impact of the hammer back to the seal characteristics between the components of the upper part of the hydraulic hammer was analyzed. The relationship between the clearance separation and the stability of the seal ring was established, and a reasonable arrangement of the disc spring was put forward. (3) the use of ANSYS/LSD YNA numerical simulation method is used to replace the traditional analytic method. The relationship between the impact hammer structure and energy transfer is studied, and the influence of the radial wobble on the energy transfer efficiency is analyzed. (4) the circular jet nozzle is applied to the high energy jet hydraulic DTH ball bit for the first time.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P634.5
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