黑色頁(yè)巖風(fēng)化的地球化學(xué)行為及力學(xué)特性研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-26 14:22
【摘要】：巖石風(fēng)化是改變地球地表過(guò)程的一種主要方式,是控制元素地球化學(xué)循環(huán)的重要過(guò)程,也是影響巖石圈表層人類工程活動(dòng)的方式之一。與花崗巖、玄武巖及碳酸鹽巖等巖石類型相比,黑色頁(yè)巖富含硫化礦物(黃鐵礦為主)和有機(jī)質(zhì),在表生環(huán)境中極易被氧化而發(fā)生化學(xué)風(fēng)化作用,并且生成的酸性水和硫酸鹽礦物,對(duì)巖體造成溶蝕、膨脹等效應(yīng),加速黑色頁(yè)巖的化學(xué)風(fēng)化進(jìn)程,破壞巖體結(jié)構(gòu),將造成一系列工程地質(zhì)和環(huán)境地質(zhì)問(wèn)題。因此,黑色頁(yè)巖化學(xué)風(fēng)化的研究可提升巖石風(fēng)化領(lǐng)域的理論知識(shí),也對(duì)工程地質(zhì)災(zāi)害與環(huán)境地質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)及預(yù)測(cè)具有重大意義。本論文以重慶城口地區(qū)下寒武統(tǒng)水井沱組黑色頁(yè)巖為研究對(duì)象,選取位于山脊中部的A剖面、近山頂?shù)腂剖面和山谷的C剖面,圍繞黑色頁(yè)巖及風(fēng)化物的物理性質(zhì)、孔隙特征、顯微觀形態(tài)特征、元素及礦物成分等特征,對(duì)黑色頁(yè)巖化學(xué)風(fēng)化過(guò)程的孔隙演化、微觀結(jié)構(gòu)、風(fēng)化程度、礦物風(fēng)化序列、風(fēng)化趨勢(shì)及元素遷移、再分配、分異規(guī)律等問(wèn)題進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究,綜合闡述了黑色頁(yè)巖的風(fēng)化驅(qū)動(dòng)機(jī)制和演化機(jī)理;并利用不同pH值的流動(dòng)態(tài)含氧型H2SO4酸性水,將黑色頁(yè)巖浸泡于酸性水中來(lái)模擬頁(yè)巖風(fēng)化過(guò)程的水巖化學(xué)作用,分析了水巖化學(xué)作用下黑色頁(yè)巖的化學(xué)-力學(xué)耦合特性,闡述了巖石風(fēng)化的力學(xué)特性。通過(guò)研究,取得了如下幾點(diǎn)主要成果和認(rèn)識(shí):(1)根據(jù)地質(zhì)樣品分析結(jié)果表明重慶城口(城巴斷塊)黑色巖層(頁(yè)巖)形成于缺氧型的被動(dòng)大陸邊緣,沉積時(shí)期的古氣候?qū)儆诟蔁嵝蜌夂?在沉積過(guò)程中具有明顯的熱液活動(dòng)參與,其沉積所處的位置位于淺海陸棚相-斜坡過(guò)渡帶。(2)基于黑色頁(yè)巖及風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物的物理化學(xué)性質(zhì),黑色頁(yè)巖化學(xué)風(fēng)化過(guò)程中,孔徑分布曲線的最大峰值向右移,孔徑直徑隨風(fēng)化推進(jìn)而增大,而孔隙分形維數(shù)隨孔徑增大而增大,由單一孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸演變?yōu)槎喾N孔隙結(jié)構(gòu);微觀結(jié)構(gòu)表明隨化學(xué)風(fēng)化推進(jìn),礦物顆粒間的膠結(jié)連接逐漸松散,大顆粒晶體演變?yōu)榉哿?呈不規(guī)則的多邊形形狀。(3)黑色頁(yè)巖風(fēng)化系統(tǒng)中氧化風(fēng)化是基巖轉(zhuǎn)為半風(fēng)化層,再至風(fēng)化層的關(guān)鍵過(guò)程。黑色頁(yè)巖化學(xué)風(fēng)化過(guò)程中,礦物風(fēng)化的化學(xué)反應(yīng)順序?yàn)?硫化礦物、有機(jī)質(zhì)氧化作用;碳酸鹽礦物酸蝕溶解作用;硅酸鹽礦物(長(zhǎng)石系列)溶解、蝕變及黏土化作用;黏土礦物的溶解及向更穩(wěn)定黏土礦物轉(zhuǎn)變的過(guò)程。根據(jù)元素和礦物的質(zhì)量遷移系數(shù)(τTi,j)和質(zhì)量遷移通量(Mj,flux)顯示黑色頁(yè)巖風(fēng)化過(guò)程中Ca、Mg和Na元素具有明顯的貧化現(xiàn)象,近地表處存在Al元素的富集現(xiàn)象,元素的活動(dòng)性隨化學(xué)風(fēng)化程度增大而增加,其活動(dòng)順序?yàn)?Ca Mg Na Fe Si K A1;根據(jù) Na/K-CIA、K/Ca*-Al/Na、A-CN-K和A-CNK-FM圖解顯示A剖面處于脫Ca、Mg過(guò)程的初級(jí)風(fēng)化階段,B剖面處于脫Ca、Mg、Na初期的初等—中等風(fēng)化階段,C剖面已發(fā)生脫Ca、Mg、Na過(guò)程,并伴隨脫Si作用的中等—強(qiáng)烈風(fēng)化階段,結(jié)合不同風(fēng)化指數(shù),各剖面的化學(xué)風(fēng)化強(qiáng)弱程度依次為CBA。(4)微量元素中,Mn、Sr、Ba、Pb、U、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu和Zn元素的活動(dòng)性較強(qiáng)而易發(fā)生遷移、再分配和分異現(xiàn)象,Sc、Rb和Th元素的活動(dòng)性較弱,而高場(chǎng)強(qiáng)元素(HFSE)則發(fā)生共生遷移與再分配效應(yīng)。稀土元素的遷移活動(dòng)性與pH值相關(guān),其pH值越小則活動(dòng)性越大,且其活動(dòng)性隨化學(xué)風(fēng)化程度(CIA)增強(qiáng)而增加,稀土元素的在黑色頁(yè)巖風(fēng)化過(guò)程中的活動(dòng)性順序?yàn)镸REEHREELREE,導(dǎo)致各風(fēng)化剖面稀土元素分異大小順序?yàn)镃BA,使LREE相對(duì)HREE呈富集現(xiàn)象;同時(shí)各風(fēng)化剖面的δCeP1,呈鈰正異常,指示各剖面環(huán)境處于氧化狀態(tài)。(5)黑色頁(yè)巖化學(xué)風(fēng)化的本質(zhì)是水巖化學(xué)作用過(guò)程,其化學(xué)風(fēng)化主要受到硫化礦物和有機(jī)質(zhì)的氧化作用、水巖化學(xué)/物理作用及微觀力學(xué)作用的控制。運(yùn)用非平衡態(tài)熱力學(xué)和耗散結(jié)構(gòu)理論,對(duì)黑色頁(yè)巖風(fēng)化過(guò)程進(jìn)行分析,認(rèn)為黑色頁(yè)巖化學(xué)風(fēng)化過(guò)程是以熱傳導(dǎo)、物質(zhì)流、動(dòng)量流(機(jī)械耗散)和化學(xué)反應(yīng)來(lái)推動(dòng)的不可逆過(guò)程,自發(fā)經(jīng)歷化學(xué)振蕩周期,形成以耗散結(jié)構(gòu)模式為框架的漸穩(wěn)定風(fēng)化歷程的驅(qū)動(dòng)風(fēng)化機(jī)制。(6)利用不同pH值的非平衡流動(dòng)態(tài)含氧型H2SO4酸性水浸泡黑色頁(yè)巖來(lái)模擬酸性水-頁(yè)巖化學(xué)作用過(guò)程。在酸性水化學(xué)作用下,黑色頁(yè)巖的單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度和彈性模量都有不同程度的降低,水巖化學(xué)作用對(duì)黑色頁(yè)巖有由脆性破壞向延性破壞轉(zhuǎn)化的趨勢(shì),且水巖化學(xué)作用受控于pH值,其pH值越小,水巖化學(xué)作用效應(yīng)也越明顯�；瘜W(xué)腐蝕后的黑色頁(yè)巖力學(xué)參數(shù)與基于次生孔隙率的化學(xué)損傷變量具有密切關(guān)系,基于次生孔隙率的化學(xué)損傷變量建立力學(xué)劣化表達(dá)式,可以描述酸性水-頁(yè)巖化學(xué)作用過(guò)程的化學(xué)-力學(xué)耦合作用。
[Abstract]:Rock weathering is a major way to change the earth's surface process. It is an important process to control the geochemical cycle of elements. It is also one of the ways to influence human engineering activities on the surface of the lithosphere. Compared with rock types such as granite, basalt and carbonate rocks, black Ye Yanfu containing sulfide minerals (pyrite mainly) and organic matter are in the surface of the surface. The chemical weathering effect of the environment is very easy to be oxidized, and the acid water and sulphate mineral produced in the environment can cause corrosion and expansion to the rock mass, accelerate the chemical weathering process of the black shale and destroy the rock structure, which will cause a series of engineering geology and environmental geological problems. Therefore, the study of chemical weathering of black shale can improve the rock. The theoretical knowledge in the field of weathering is of great significance to the evaluation and prediction of engineering geological disasters and environmental geology. This paper takes the lower Cambrian black shale of the lower Cambrian in Chongqing Chengkou area as the research object, and selects the A section located in the middle of the ridge, the B section of the mountain and the C section of the valley, and the physical properties of the black shale and the weathered objects. The characteristics of quality, pore characteristics, microscopic morphological features, elements and mineral components, etc., have been systematically studied for the pore evolution, microstructure, weathering degree, mineral weathering sequence, weathering trend and element migration, redistribution and differentiation of black shale in chemical weathering process. The mechanism and evolution of the weathering drive of black shale are comprehensively expounded. The mechanism, and using the flow dynamic H2SO4 acid water with different pH values and immersing black shale in acid water to simulate the water rock chemical action of shale weathering process, the chemical mechanical coupling characteristics of black shale under the action of water rock chemistry are analyzed, and the force characteristics of rock weathering are expounded. Through the study, the following main points are obtained. (1) (1) according to the analysis results of geological samples, the black rock layer (Ye Yan) of Chengkou (city bar block) is formed in the passive continental margin of anoxic type, and the paleoclimate in the sedimentary period belongs to the dry and hot climate, and it is involved in the hydrothermal activity during the deposition process, and its location is located in the shallow sea shelf phase transition zone. 2) based on the physical and chemical properties of the black shale and weathering products, the maximum peak of the pore size distribution curve is shifted to the right in the chemical weathering process of the black shale, and the diameter of the pore size increases with the wind, and the pore fractal dimension increases with the increase of the pore size, and the single pore structure gradually evolves into a variety of pore structures, and the microstructure indicates that the pore structure is characterized by chemistry. The cementing connection between mineral particles is gradually loosened by weathering, and the large granular crystals evolve into particles and irregular polygon shapes. (3) the oxidation weathering of the black shale weathering system is the key process of turning the bedrock to semi weathered layer and then to the weathering layer. In the chemical weathering process of black shale, the chemical reaction order of mineral weathering is vulcanized ore The oxidation of organic matter, organic matter oxidation; acid dissolution and dissolution of carbonate minerals; dissolution, alteration and clay mineralization of silicate minerals (feldspar Series); the dissolution of clay minerals and the process of changing to more stable clay minerals. According to the mass transfer coefficient of elements and minerals (tau Ti, J) and mass transfer flux (Mj, flux), C is shown in the weathering process of black shale. The elements of a, Mg and Na have obvious dilution, and there is a enrichment of Al elements in the near surface. The activity of elements increases with the degree of chemical weathering. The sequence of activities is Ca Mg Na Fe Si K A1. In the initial moderate weathering stage of Ca, Mg and Na, the C section has taken off Ca, Mg, Na process, and accompanied with the moderate strong weathering stage of the deactivation of Si, and the chemical weathering intensity of each section is in turn CBA. (4) trace elements. The activity of migration, redistribution and differentiation, the activity of Sc, Rb and Th elements is weak, and the high field strength element (HFSE) has the effect of symbiotic migration and redistribution. The mobility of rare earth elements is related to the pH value. The smaller the pH value is, the greater the activity is, and its activity increases with the degree of study wind (CIA), and the rare earth element is in black shale. The order of activity in the weathering process is MREEHREELREE, which leads to the sequence of different size of rare earth elements in each weathering section of CBA, which makes LREE relatively rich in relative HREE; at the same time, the delta CeP1 of each weathering section shows positive anomalies of cerium, indicating that the environment in each section is in oxidation state. (5) the nature of chemical weathering of black shale is the chemical process of water rock chemistry. The study of weathering is mainly caused by the oxidation of sulphide minerals and organic matter, the chemical / physical action of water rock and the control of the micromechanical action. The process of the weathering of black shale is analyzed by using the theory of non equilibrium thermodynamics and dissipative structure. It is considered that the chemical weathering process of black shale is based on heat conduction, material flow, momentum flow (mechanical dissipation) and chemical process. The irreversible process, driven by the learning reaction, spontaneously experiences the chemical oscillation cycle, and forms the weathering mechanism of the gradual weathering process with the dissipative structure mode as the framework. (6) the chemical process of acid shale chemical action is simulated by soaking the black shale with the dynamic oxygen type H2SO4 acidic water with different pH values to simulate the acid shale chemical process. The uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of black shale are reduced in varying degrees. The chemical action of water rock has a tendency to transform from brittle failure to ductile damage to the black shale, and the chemical action of water rock is controlled by the pH value. The smaller the pH value, the more obvious the chemical effect of water rock is. The mechanical parameters of the black shale after chemical corrosion and the mechanical parameters of the black shale after chemical corrosion. The chemical damage variable based on secondary porosity is closely related. The mechanical deterioration expression is established based on the chemical damage variable of secondary porosity, which can describe the chemical mechanical coupling effect of the acid shale chemical process.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：P584
本文編號(hào)：2146293
[Abstract]:Rock weathering is a major way to change the earth's surface process. It is an important process to control the geochemical cycle of elements. It is also one of the ways to influence human engineering activities on the surface of the lithosphere. Compared with rock types such as granite, basalt and carbonate rocks, black Ye Yanfu containing sulfide minerals (pyrite mainly) and organic matter are in the surface of the surface. The chemical weathering effect of the environment is very easy to be oxidized, and the acid water and sulphate mineral produced in the environment can cause corrosion and expansion to the rock mass, accelerate the chemical weathering process of the black shale and destroy the rock structure, which will cause a series of engineering geology and environmental geological problems. Therefore, the study of chemical weathering of black shale can improve the rock. The theoretical knowledge in the field of weathering is of great significance to the evaluation and prediction of engineering geological disasters and environmental geology. This paper takes the lower Cambrian black shale of the lower Cambrian in Chongqing Chengkou area as the research object, and selects the A section located in the middle of the ridge, the B section of the mountain and the C section of the valley, and the physical properties of the black shale and the weathered objects. The characteristics of quality, pore characteristics, microscopic morphological features, elements and mineral components, etc., have been systematically studied for the pore evolution, microstructure, weathering degree, mineral weathering sequence, weathering trend and element migration, redistribution and differentiation of black shale in chemical weathering process. The mechanism and evolution of the weathering drive of black shale are comprehensively expounded. The mechanism, and using the flow dynamic H2SO4 acid water with different pH values and immersing black shale in acid water to simulate the water rock chemical action of shale weathering process, the chemical mechanical coupling characteristics of black shale under the action of water rock chemistry are analyzed, and the force characteristics of rock weathering are expounded. Through the study, the following main points are obtained. (1) (1) according to the analysis results of geological samples, the black rock layer (Ye Yan) of Chengkou (city bar block) is formed in the passive continental margin of anoxic type, and the paleoclimate in the sedimentary period belongs to the dry and hot climate, and it is involved in the hydrothermal activity during the deposition process, and its location is located in the shallow sea shelf phase transition zone. 2) based on the physical and chemical properties of the black shale and weathering products, the maximum peak of the pore size distribution curve is shifted to the right in the chemical weathering process of the black shale, and the diameter of the pore size increases with the wind, and the pore fractal dimension increases with the increase of the pore size, and the single pore structure gradually evolves into a variety of pore structures, and the microstructure indicates that the pore structure is characterized by chemistry. The cementing connection between mineral particles is gradually loosened by weathering, and the large granular crystals evolve into particles and irregular polygon shapes. (3) the oxidation weathering of the black shale weathering system is the key process of turning the bedrock to semi weathered layer and then to the weathering layer. In the chemical weathering process of black shale, the chemical reaction order of mineral weathering is vulcanized ore The oxidation of organic matter, organic matter oxidation; acid dissolution and dissolution of carbonate minerals; dissolution, alteration and clay mineralization of silicate minerals (feldspar Series); the dissolution of clay minerals and the process of changing to more stable clay minerals. According to the mass transfer coefficient of elements and minerals (tau Ti, J) and mass transfer flux (Mj, flux), C is shown in the weathering process of black shale. The elements of a, Mg and Na have obvious dilution, and there is a enrichment of Al elements in the near surface. The activity of elements increases with the degree of chemical weathering. The sequence of activities is Ca Mg Na Fe Si K A1. In the initial moderate weathering stage of Ca, Mg and Na, the C section has taken off Ca, Mg, Na process, and accompanied with the moderate strong weathering stage of the deactivation of Si, and the chemical weathering intensity of each section is in turn CBA. (4) trace elements. The activity of migration, redistribution and differentiation, the activity of Sc, Rb and Th elements is weak, and the high field strength element (HFSE) has the effect of symbiotic migration and redistribution. The mobility of rare earth elements is related to the pH value. The smaller the pH value is, the greater the activity is, and its activity increases with the degree of study wind (CIA), and the rare earth element is in black shale. The order of activity in the weathering process is MREEHREELREE, which leads to the sequence of different size of rare earth elements in each weathering section of CBA, which makes LREE relatively rich in relative HREE; at the same time, the delta CeP1 of each weathering section shows positive anomalies of cerium, indicating that the environment in each section is in oxidation state. (5) the nature of chemical weathering of black shale is the chemical process of water rock chemistry. The study of weathering is mainly caused by the oxidation of sulphide minerals and organic matter, the chemical / physical action of water rock and the control of the micromechanical action. The process of the weathering of black shale is analyzed by using the theory of non equilibrium thermodynamics and dissipative structure. It is considered that the chemical weathering process of black shale is based on heat conduction, material flow, momentum flow (mechanical dissipation) and chemical process. The irreversible process, driven by the learning reaction, spontaneously experiences the chemical oscillation cycle, and forms the weathering mechanism of the gradual weathering process with the dissipative structure mode as the framework. (6) the chemical process of acid shale chemical action is simulated by soaking the black shale with the dynamic oxygen type H2SO4 acidic water with different pH values to simulate the acid shale chemical process. The uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of black shale are reduced in varying degrees. The chemical action of water rock has a tendency to transform from brittle failure to ductile damage to the black shale, and the chemical action of water rock is controlled by the pH value. The smaller the pH value, the more obvious the chemical effect of water rock is. The mechanical parameters of the black shale after chemical corrosion and the mechanical parameters of the black shale after chemical corrosion. The chemical damage variable based on secondary porosity is closely related. The mechanical deterioration expression is established based on the chemical damage variable of secondary porosity, which can describe the chemical mechanical coupling effect of the acid shale chemical process.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：P584
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
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