真菌風(fēng)化利蛇紋石的動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間:2018-07-16 22:57
【摘要】:人類活動(dòng)帶來的溫室氣體(主要是CO2)排放是半個(gè)多世紀(jì)以來全球氣候變暖的主要原因。因此,科學(xué)家認(rèn)為降低大氣中CO2的濃度是解決全球氣候變化的重要突破點(diǎn)。在提議的CO2固定方法中,蛇紋石封存雖具有獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì),卻受限于Mg的獲取。含重金屬蛇紋石的風(fēng)化帶來了嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題。學(xué)者提出通過植物富集的方法對(duì)這些地區(qū)進(jìn)行修復(fù)。但是,重金屬的生物有效性制約了該方法的工程化應(yīng)用。地質(zhì)微生物學(xué)家在發(fā)現(xiàn)真菌具有巨大礦物風(fēng)化潛力之后,相關(guān)研究者逐漸將工作重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向微生物方法提取蛇紋石礦物中的Mg和Ni以實(shí)現(xiàn)CO2封存和重金屬修復(fù)。目前關(guān)于真菌對(duì)利蛇紋石礦物風(fēng)化的速率和效率研究極其有限,對(duì)于風(fēng)化機(jī)制更是缺少完整、系統(tǒng)的分析和論證。因此,本研究將采用野外采樣和實(shí)驗(yàn)室相結(jié)合的研究方法,對(duì)原地棲息真菌風(fēng)化利蛇紋石礦物的動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制進(jìn)行探討。本項(xiàng)研究對(duì)典型蛇紋石地區(qū)--江蘇省連云港市山左口鄉(xiāng)(34°37'N,118°30'E)進(jìn)行系列的野外樣品(土壤、水溶液和礦石)采集和分析工作。對(duì)植物根圈土壤真菌進(jìn)行了培養(yǎng)、分離和篩選獲得模式真菌后進(jìn)行了該真菌-利蛇紋石搖動(dòng)和靜置培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)過程分析溶液離子(Mg、Si、Fe和Ni)濃度、pH值和有機(jī)小分子的種類和濃度,并用原位(in situ atomic force microscope)和高分辨率儀器(confocal laser scanning microscopy、focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope和transmission electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy)分析真菌細(xì)胞-利蛇紋石界面過程細(xì)胞的附著和生長形成的微區(qū)環(huán)境,以及這個(gè)過程帶來的利蛇紋石表面形態(tài)和細(xì)胞-礦物界面下礦物晶體結(jié)構(gòu)和成分的變化。以上測試和分析的結(jié)果顯示:(1)蛇紋石分布區(qū)植物根部土壤礦物風(fēng)化明顯,表現(xiàn)為礦物相的轉(zhuǎn)化和元素的選擇性淋濾,同時(shí)利蛇紋石表面廣泛分布真菌和次生Mg碳酸鹽;(2)植物根部土壤真菌多樣性顯著,且隨著土壤礦物風(fēng)化程度的提高而增加,分離獲得9個(gè)屬17種真菌,其中僅有Talaromyces flavus可以在含高濃度Mg2+(1 mol·L-1)或Ni2+(10 mmol·L-1)的渣氏(Czapek)培養(yǎng)基中保持較高的活性;(3) T. flavus對(duì)利蛇紋石的風(fēng)化作用最明顯,在38℃溫度下30天內(nèi)T. flavus對(duì)粒徑為45~58μm利蛇紋石中Mg的提取效率高達(dá)-48 wt%。T. flavus對(duì)利蛇紋石的風(fēng)化作用受細(xì)胞-礦物接觸方式的影響,直接接觸比隔離風(fēng)化效率高40-50%; (4) T. flavus在風(fēng)化利蛇紋石過程中代謝大量鐵載體和有機(jī)酸(草酸、葡萄糖酸、甲酸、酒石酸、蘋果酸、乙酸、富馬酸和檸檬酸等),導(dǎo)致溶液的pH值降低。這些產(chǎn)物的總濃度在細(xì)胞-礦物接觸實(shí)驗(yàn)中更高;(5)在弱酸性到中性溶液中,Mg和Si的溶解隨著pH的增加而降低,而Fe和Ni的溶解在鐵載體和草酸溶液中不受pH影響;(6) T. flavus細(xì)胞可以在礦物表面附著和生長并形成低pH值(比溶液低1.1個(gè)單位)環(huán)境;(7)T.flavus菌絲和孢子在礦物表面分別形成深為~1000 nm的溶蝕通道和深為~50 nm的溶蝕坑,這兩種溶蝕特征在礦物表面所占面積分別為9.17%和34.45%。菌絲-和孢子-礦物界面下礦物中Mg和Fe的選擇性淋濾深度分別為~8μm和~4.5μm。水溶液對(duì)Fe的選擇性淋濾并不明顯。菌絲-礦物界面以下礦物晶型缺失,但是孢子-礦物界面以下晶型保持完好。細(xì)胞在利蛇紋石礦物表面的直接溶解量占總風(fēng)化量的40%-50%。以上結(jié)果表明(i)真菌在利蛇紋石自然風(fēng)化和元素生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)過程中發(fā)揮主要作用;(ⅱ) T. flavus代謝有機(jī)小分子通過質(zhì)子催化作用加快Mg和Si的溶解,鐵載體和草酸通過絡(luò)合催化作用分別促進(jìn)Fe和Ni的溶解;(iii)附著在利蛇紋石表面的細(xì)胞具有更高的活性;(iv)孢子萌發(fā)過程通過生物化學(xué)作用對(duì)利蛇紋石進(jìn)行溶解,而真菌菌絲通過生物化學(xué)和生物物理協(xié)同作用加快利蛇紋石的溶解。T. flavus菌絲-利蛇紋石界面溶解礦物的機(jī)制為細(xì)胞代謝小分子的質(zhì)子催化打開四面體(TH)-八面體(OH)層之間的H鍵,溶解Mg離子,菌絲生物物理力進(jìn)一步分開TH和OH,最后破壞利蛇紋石的長層有序結(jié)構(gòu);(v)細(xì)胞在利蛇紋石表面的直接溶解作用是為了獲取礦物中的Fe。本研究通過科學(xué)規(guī)范的工作,完成了從野外到室內(nèi),從水溶液到真菌細(xì)胞-礦物界面的系統(tǒng)研究,揭示了真菌風(fēng)化利蛇紋石的動(dòng)力學(xué)機(jī)制。相關(guān)的研究成果對(duì)于碳、其他營養(yǎng)元素和重金屬元素的生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)的認(rèn)識(shí),對(duì)全球氣候變化和重金屬污染土壤的修復(fù)等重要科學(xué)問題的解決都具有重大的科學(xué)意義。
[Abstract]:In the proposed method of CO2 fixation , the research on the rate and efficiency of soil , water solution and mineral is very limited . The results of this study are as follows : ( 1 ) The results of this study are as follows : ( 1 ) The soil mineral weathering in serpentine mineral is obviously limited , and the results show that : ( 1 ) The soil mineral weathering in the plant roots of the serpentine pattern is obvious , which shows the transformation of the mineral phase and selective leaching of the elements , while the surface of the serpentine is widely distributed with fungi and secondary Mg carbonates .
( 2 ) The diversity of soil fungi in roots of plants was significant , and with the increase of weathering degree of soil minerals , 9 genera and 17 fungi were obtained . Among them , only Talaromyces mutants could maintain high activity in the medium containing high concentration Mg2 + ( 1 mol 路 L -1 ) or Ni 2 + ( 10 mmol 路 L -1 ) .
( 3 ) The effect of T on the weathering of serpentine is the most obvious , the extraction efficiency of Mg from 45 to 58 渭m in 30 days at 38 鈩,
本文編號(hào):2127934
[Abstract]:In the proposed method of CO2 fixation , the research on the rate and efficiency of soil , water solution and mineral is very limited . The results of this study are as follows : ( 1 ) The results of this study are as follows : ( 1 ) The soil mineral weathering in serpentine mineral is obviously limited , and the results show that : ( 1 ) The soil mineral weathering in the plant roots of the serpentine pattern is obvious , which shows the transformation of the mineral phase and selective leaching of the elements , while the surface of the serpentine is widely distributed with fungi and secondary Mg carbonates .
( 2 ) The diversity of soil fungi in roots of plants was significant , and with the increase of weathering degree of soil minerals , 9 genera and 17 fungi were obtained . Among them , only Talaromyces mutants could maintain high activity in the medium containing high concentration Mg2 + ( 1 mol 路 L -1 ) or Ni 2 + ( 10 mmol 路 L -1 ) .
( 3 ) The effect of T on the weathering of serpentine is the most obvious , the extraction efficiency of Mg from 45 to 58 渭m in 30 days at 38 鈩,
本文編號(hào):2127934
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