本文選題：全新世 + 泥炭��； 參考：《中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：人類生存于地球系統(tǒng)之中,地球環(huán)境的變化與人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展息息相關(guān)。為了獲得更好的生存和發(fā)展條件,人們迫切希望了解和掌握全球環(huán)境、氣候的變化規(guī)律,期望預(yù)知未來(lái)氣候與環(huán)境變化的趨勢(shì)、幅度和影響,并嘗試?yán)萌祟惖闹腔酆图夹g(shù)手段來(lái)解決這些問(wèn)題。為此,全球變化研究成為了當(dāng)下急需探索的重要課題。過(guò)去全球變化研究(Past Global Changes,PAGES)是全球變化研究計(jì)劃中重要分支,旨在通過(guò)研究地球過(guò)去氣候和環(huán)境變化來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)和獲取未來(lái)全球環(huán)境變化的信息,為人類可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供戰(zhàn)略性支持。通過(guò)各種沉積材料和信息載體進(jìn)行過(guò)去氣候和環(huán)境的恢復(fù)與重建是了解和探索全球環(huán)境系統(tǒng)變化規(guī)律和機(jī)制的重要手段,也是全球變化課題的重要研究方向。在過(guò)去歷史發(fā)展進(jìn)程中,從11.5ka開(kāi)始延續(xù)至今的全新世(Holocene)是最年輕的地質(zhì)時(shí)代,也是與人類文明發(fā)展和繁榮密切相關(guān)的一個(gè)重要時(shí)期。在此期間,全球氣候環(huán)境發(fā)生了非常頻繁的、迅速的變化,對(duì)人類的生存環(huán)境帶來(lái)了極大的改變。在過(guò)去氣候環(huán)境變化過(guò)程中,近幾千年來(lái)的氣候與未來(lái)的氣候變化最為接近;而近萬(wàn)年的氣候變化則反映了自然背景下疊加的人類活動(dòng)干擾,不僅記錄了氣候變化的自然規(guī)律,同時(shí)記錄了人類活動(dòng)的影響,這對(duì)預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)的氣候變化是必需的。因此,對(duì)全新世氣候與環(huán)境變化的研究既是人類可持續(xù)發(fā)展的需要,也是我們通過(guò)了解過(guò)去地球環(huán)境演變來(lái)預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)全球變化的重要手段,對(duì)于人類具有十分重要的意義。那么,獲取能夠完整記錄全新世氣候環(huán)境變化的信息的連續(xù)沉積檔案材料是相當(dāng)關(guān)鍵的。泥炭是第四紀(jì),特別是全新世以來(lái)產(chǎn)生的不同分解程度的松軟有機(jī)沉積物,其形成過(guò)程受到不同氣候、水文等條件的影響。作為環(huán)境演變的信息載體,泥炭與冰芯、黃土、湖泊沉積物一樣,已被證明是氣候變化的重要儲(chǔ)存庫(kù)和檔案館。與其他陸地沉積物相比,泥炭具有經(jīng)濟(jì)易得、沉積速率較快且沉積連續(xù)、沉積環(huán)境與過(guò)程穩(wěn)定、時(shí)間尺度長(zhǎng)和其適合的代用指標(biāo)廣泛等優(yōu)勢(shì),因此它是研究過(guò)去氣候環(huán)境變化的理想檔案材料,在缺乏歷史記載、冰芯、樹(shù)輪和珊瑚礁等記錄體的區(qū)域更體現(xiàn)出其特有的價(jià)值。本文以富含古氣候環(huán)境變化信息的中國(guó)東北地區(qū)哈尼泥炭沉積物為研究對(duì)象,通過(guò)提取泥炭中古氣候環(huán)境代用指標(biāo)進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析,討論了各氣候環(huán)境代用指標(biāo)的古氣候意義,恢復(fù)了區(qū)域全新世以來(lái)的古氣候環(huán)境變化過(guò)程。同時(shí),對(duì)泥炭記錄的大氣汞含量和汞沉降通量進(jìn)行了測(cè)定,恢復(fù)了東北地區(qū)全新世以來(lái)的大氣汞沉降歷史,并研究了東北地區(qū)大氣汞沉降與全新世氣候變化和火山噴發(fā)事件的響應(yīng),初步探討了其可能存在的內(nèi)在機(jī)制,為泥炭地質(zhì)檔案的全球變化研究提供新的思路。論文的主要內(nèi)容和研究成果如下:1、本文首先從泥炭年代學(xué)、泥炭氣候環(huán)境代用指標(biāo)、泥炭記錄的大氣汞沉降歷史、泥炭記錄的火山噴發(fā)事件等研究方向介紹了泥炭古氣候與環(huán)境的國(guó)內(nèi)外研究進(jìn)展。同時(shí),對(duì)泥炭的形成分布、泥炭古氣候環(huán)境研究方法和優(yōu)勢(shì)以及汞的基本理化性質(zhì)、遷移轉(zhuǎn)化、分布來(lái)源進(jìn)行了討論和闡述。2、選擇中國(guó)東北地區(qū)哈尼泥炭地作為研究區(qū)域,對(duì)研究區(qū)內(nèi)地質(zhì)地貌、氣候水文、植被土壤等自然背景進(jìn)行了介紹。以哈尼泥炭沉積物為研究對(duì)象,詳細(xì)敘述了泥炭樣品采集和前處理過(guò)程,同時(shí)總結(jié)和討論了各環(huán)境代用指標(biāo)的研究方法及實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程。3、根據(jù)在東北哈尼泥炭地野外采樣現(xiàn)場(chǎng)對(duì)泥炭樣品的顏色和巖性的詳細(xì)記錄設(shè)置泥炭層位控制點(diǎn),采用AMS14C測(cè)年技術(shù)對(duì)控制點(diǎn)泥炭樣品進(jìn)行測(cè)定,共獲取12個(gè)泥炭植物纖維素14C年齡,并使用CALIB4.3軟件對(duì)泥炭14C年齡進(jìn)行校正。結(jié)合泥炭剖面深度和年代數(shù)據(jù),采用分段式線性內(nèi)插方法來(lái)建立東北哈尼泥炭剖面年代學(xué)框架,結(jié)果顯示:哈尼泥炭剖面最大深度為9米,泥炭沉積年代下限校正年齡為13937a BP(對(duì)應(yīng)14C年齡為11930±172a BP),泥炭沉積速率范圍為0.018cm/yr~0.311cm/yr。4、采用堿提取溶液吸光度法對(duì)哈尼泥炭腐殖化度進(jìn)行測(cè)試,以540nm波長(zhǎng)下吸光度值來(lái)表征腐殖化度大小。同時(shí),采用Kappbridge MFK1-FA磁化率儀分別在低頻磁化率F1(976HZ)和高頻率磁化率F3(1561HZ)條件下對(duì)哈尼泥炭樣品進(jìn)行磁化率的測(cè)定。通過(guò)與哈尼泥炭纖維素δ13C和δ18O氣候代用指標(biāo)對(duì)比,確立了哈尼泥炭腐殖化度和泥炭磁化率指標(biāo)的古氣候意義:哈尼泥炭腐殖化度和泥炭磁化率記錄了環(huán)境溫度和濕度變化信息,較高的泥炭腐殖化度和泥炭磁化率指示氣候溫暖濕潤(rùn),較低的泥炭腐殖化度和泥炭磁化率指示氣候干燥寒冷。5、東北哈尼泥炭纖維素δ13C、δ18O氣候代用指標(biāo)以及泥炭腐殖化度和泥炭磁化率指標(biāo)對(duì)新仙女木事件、8.2ka BP事件、4.2ka BP事件等多次氣候突變事件存在顯著的響應(yīng),表現(xiàn)在氣溫迅速下降氣候變干冷,這表明東北哈尼地區(qū)在全新世期間的氣候變化與全球變化保持相對(duì)一致。同時(shí),通過(guò)多環(huán)境代用指標(biāo)體系對(duì)東北哈尼地區(qū)14.0ka BP的氣候環(huán)境演化過(guò)程進(jìn)行了探討,可以劃分為以下六個(gè)階段:14.0~11.5ka BP末次冰消期氣候寒冷階段;11.5~9.8ka BP全新世早期氣候溫暖濕潤(rùn)階段;9.8~8.0ka BP氣候快速變化干燥寒冷階段;8.0~4.8ka BP全新世中期氣候適宜溫暖濕潤(rùn)階段;4.8~1.8ka BP氣候冷暖干濕交替階段;1.8~0ka BP全新世晚期氣候干燥寒冷階段。6、采用王水水浴法對(duì)泥炭樣品進(jìn)行消解,并使用AFS-8230雙道原子熒光光譜儀消解后樣品中汞含量進(jìn)行了測(cè)試。通過(guò)對(duì)東北哈尼泥炭汞含量和大氣汞沉降通量的研究表明,泥炭中汞含量波動(dòng)范圍為1.6~508.8ng/g,平均值為45.133ng/g;大氣汞沉降通量波動(dòng)范圍為0.12~102.63μg.m-2.yr-1,平均值為8.14μg.m-2.yr-1。哈尼泥炭較為完整地記錄了東北地區(qū)全新世以來(lái)的大氣汞沉降歷史,可以劃分為以下五個(gè)階段:11.5~10.2ka BP大氣汞沉降快速波動(dòng)上升階段;10.2~9.0ka BP大氣汞沉降快速下降階段;9.0~8.0ka BP大氣汞沉降劇烈波動(dòng)異常階段;8.0~2.0ka BP大氣汞沉降穩(wěn)定交替波動(dòng)減弱階段;2.0~0ka BP大氣汞沉降波動(dòng)快速上升階段。7、哈尼泥炭記錄的東北地區(qū)大氣汞沉降對(duì)包括YD事件、11.1ka BP事件、10.3ka BP事件、8.2ka BP事件、4.2ka BP事件以及小冰期等氣候突變寒冷事件有著良好響應(yīng),大氣汞沉降含量和沉降通量在這些氣候突變寒冷事件發(fā)生期間同時(shí)達(dá)到極高峰值。將東北地區(qū)全新世氣候變化與大氣汞沉降歷史對(duì)比研究發(fā)現(xiàn):當(dāng)東北地區(qū)氣候經(jīng)歷干燥寒冷階段時(shí),大氣汞沉降得到顯著增強(qiáng);當(dāng)氣候經(jīng)歷溫暖濕潤(rùn)階段時(shí),大氣汞沉降相應(yīng)減弱。因此推斷,氣候干燥寒冷有利于促進(jìn)東北地區(qū)大氣汞沉降,反之亦然。8、采用酸化法對(duì)哈尼泥炭中火山灰層進(jìn)行了提取,使用偏光顯微鏡、環(huán)境掃描電鏡、電子探針測(cè)試等技術(shù)手段對(duì)火山灰的形態(tài)和化學(xué)成分進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)合火山灰層年代,推斷其來(lái)自于長(zhǎng)白山天池火山在全新世冰場(chǎng)期的爆發(fā),火山噴發(fā)物年代為8352±76a BP~9604±80a BP(AMS14C年齡),校正年齡為9337~10745a BP。同時(shí),將東北地區(qū)大氣汞沉降歷史與全新世期間東北地區(qū)和東亞地區(qū)火山噴發(fā)事件對(duì)比研究發(fā)現(xiàn):東北地區(qū)大氣汞沉降對(duì)上全新世東北地區(qū)和東亞地區(qū)較強(qiáng)規(guī)模火山噴發(fā)事件存在顯著的響應(yīng),在強(qiáng)火山噴發(fā)期間哈尼泥炭記錄的東北地區(qū)大氣汞含量和沉降通量總是保持較高水平或者出現(xiàn)極高峰值。因此推斷,較大規(guī)模的火山噴發(fā)事件可以造成區(qū)域或全球大氣汞在短時(shí)間內(nèi)急劇升高,并造成局部或大范圍大氣汞沉降迅速增強(qiáng)。9、東北地區(qū)大氣汞沉降對(duì)全新世氣候變化響應(yīng)的內(nèi)在機(jī)制可能為:從百年或千年尺度來(lái)看,干燥寒冷的氣候可以造成大氣中氣態(tài)單質(zhì)汞活性降低,在冷凝作用下沉降速度加快,泥炭地中植物可以接受全球范圍內(nèi)氣態(tài)單質(zhì)汞補(bǔ)給,泥炭記錄的大氣汞含量和大氣汞沉降通量增強(qiáng);溫暖濕潤(rùn)的氣候可以使大氣汞中氣態(tài)單質(zhì)汞活性增強(qiáng),使得氣態(tài)單質(zhì)汞下降速度減慢,泥炭地主要接受顆粒汞、氯化汞以及少量氣態(tài)單質(zhì)汞,大氣汞沉降總量相對(duì)較少。東北地區(qū)大氣汞沉降對(duì)火山噴發(fā)事件響應(yīng)的內(nèi)在機(jī)制可能為:全新世期間東北地區(qū)和東亞地區(qū)發(fā)生了多期次強(qiáng)烈的火山噴發(fā)事件,在火山噴發(fā)期間大氣汞含量急劇上升,促使大氣汞沉降增強(qiáng);同時(shí)火山噴發(fā)產(chǎn)生的酸性氣體如HCl、H2S等可以使大氣汞水滴的pH下降,造成大氣汞的酸沉降加強(qiáng)。另一方面,大規(guī)模的火山噴發(fā)事件造成了迅速降溫,形成較為干燥寒冷的氣候,促使東北地區(qū)大氣汞沉降加強(qiáng)�；鹕絿姲l(fā)活動(dòng)對(duì)大氣汞的總量和沉降速度都有較好的促進(jìn)作用,因此在東北地區(qū)和東亞地區(qū)較強(qiáng)火山噴發(fā)期間能在哈尼泥炭中找到大氣汞沉降顯著增強(qiáng)的強(qiáng)烈響應(yīng)。
[Abstract]:Human beings live in the earth system, the change of the earth's environment is closely related to the development of human society. In order to obtain better conditions for survival and development, people are eager to understand and master the global environment, the law of climate change, anticipate the trend, amplitude and influence of the future climate and environment changes, and try to use the wisdom of human beings. The global change research (Past Global Changes, PAGES) is an important branch of the global change research program, which aims to predict and acquire future global environmental changes by studying the climate and environmental changes of the earth. It provides strategic support for the sustainable development of human beings. The restoration and reconstruction of the past climate and environment through various sedimentary materials and information carriers is an important means to understand and explore the laws and mechanisms of the changes in the global environmental system. It is also an important research direction of the global change subject. In the course of past historical development, it started from 11.5ka. The Holocene (Holocene), which continues to date, is the youngest geological age, and is also an important period closely related to the development and prosperity of human civilization. During this period, the global climate and environment have undergone very frequent and rapid changes, which have brought great changes to the living environment of human beings. In the past, nearly a few thousand of the climate and environment changed. Climate change in the past year is the closest to the future climate change, and the climate change of nearly ten thousand years reflects the superimposed human activity interference under the natural background, which not only records the natural laws of climate change, but also records the influence of human activity, which is necessary for predicting future climate change. Therefore, the climate and environment change to the Holocene. The research is not only the need of human sustainable development, but also an important means for us to predict the future global change by understanding the evolution of the earth's environment in the past. It is very important for mankind. As an information carrier for environmental evolution, peat, like ice core, loess and lake sediments, has been proved to be an important repository and archives of climate change. Compared to the ground sediments, peat has the advantages of easy economic availability, faster deposition rate and continuous deposition, stable depositional environment and process, long time scale and a wide range of suitable proxy indicators. Therefore, it is an ideal archival material for the study of changes in the climate and environment in the past, and in the absence of historical records, ice cores, tree rings, and coral reefs. In this paper, the Hun peat deposits in Northeast China, which are rich in the information of paleoclimate and environmental changes, are studied in this paper. By comparing and analyzing the paleoclimatic environment of peat, the paleoclimate significance of various climatic and environmental indicators is discussed, and the paleoclimate environment since the regional Holocene has been restored. At the same time, the atmospheric mercury content and the mercury deposition flux recorded in the peat are measured, the history of atmospheric mercury deposition in the northeastern region since the Holocene has been restored, and the atmospheric mercury deposition in the northeast region and the Holocene climate change and the response of the volcanic eruption events are studied, and the possible inherent mechanism of the mercury deposition in the northeastern region is discussed. The study of global change of geological archives provides new ideas. The main contents and research results of this paper are as follows: 1, this paper first introduces the research direction of peat's paleoclimate and environment at home and abroad from peat chronology, peat climate and environment substitute index, peat's atmospheric mercury deposition history, and peat volcanic eruption events. At the same time, the formation and distribution of peat, research methods and advantages of peat paleoclimate and environment, basic physical and chemical properties of mercury, migration and transformation, and distribution sources were discussed and expounded,.2 was selected as the study area of Hani peat land in Northeast China, and the natural background of texture, climate hydrology and vegetation soil in the study area was introduced. Taking Hani peat sediments as the research object, the sampling and pretreatment process of peat samples were described in detail. At the same time, the research methods and experimental process.3 were summarized and discussed. According to the detailed records of the color and lithology of peat samples in the field sampling site in Hani peat land in Northeast China, the control points of peat layer were set up. The AMS14C dating technique was used to measure the peat samples of control points. A total of 12 peat plant cellulose 14C ages were obtained, and CALIB4.3 software was used to correct the peat 14C age. Combined with the peat profile depth and date data, a sectional linear interpolation method was used to establish the northeastern Hani peat profile chronological framework. The maximum depth of the peat section is 9 m, and the correction age of the peat deposition time limit is 13937a BP (corresponding 14C age is 11930 + 172a BP), and the Peat Deposition rate is 0.018cm/yr~0.311cm/yr.4. The humic degree of Hani peat is tested by the alkali extraction solution absorbency method, and the humus degree is characterized by the absorbance value of the 540nm wavelength. At the same time, the magnetic susceptibility of Hani peat samples was measured under the low frequency susceptibility F1 (976HZ) and high frequency susceptibility F3 (1561HZ) with the Kappbridge MFK1-FA susceptibility tester. The paleoclimate of the humic and peat susceptibility indices of Hari peat was established by comparing with the Hani peat cellulose Delta 13C and the Delta 18O climate substitute index. Significance: Hani peat humus degree and peat susceptibility record the environmental temperature and humidity change information, high peat humification degree and peat susceptibility indicating warm and humid climate, low peat humification degree and peat susceptibility indicating climate dry and cold.5, northeast Hani peat cellulose Delta 13C, Delta 18O climate substitution index and mud The carbon humification degree and the peat susceptibility index have a significant response to the events of new immortality, 8.2ka BP event, 4.2ka BP event and so on. It shows that the climate changes dry and cold rapidly, which indicates that the climate change in the northeastern Hani region is consistent with the global change during the Holocene. The evolution process of the climate and environment of 14.0ka BP in northeastern Hani region is discussed by proxy system, which can be divided into six stages: the cold stage of 14.0~11.5ka BP at the last deglacial period, the warm and humid stage of the early climate of 11.5~9.8ka BP in the Holocene, the fast change of the dry and cold stage of the 9.8~8.0ka BP, and the 8.0~4.8ka BP in Holocene The climate is suitable for the warm and humid stage; the 4.8~1.8ka BP climate cold and warm dry and wet alternate stage; the 1.8~0ka BP in the late Holocene climate dry and cold stage.6, using the water bath method to eliminate the peat samples, and using the AFS-8230 double channel atomic fluorescence spectrometer to test the mercury content in the samples after the digestion of the two channel atomic fluorescence spectrometer. Through the Hani peat mercury in Northeast China, the mercury content is tested. The quantitative and atmospheric mercury deposition flux shows that the fluctuation range of mercury content in peat is 1.6~508.8ng/g, the average value is 45.133ng/g, the fluctuation range of atmospheric mercury deposition flux is 0.12~102.63 mu g.m-2.yr-1, and the average value of 8.14 mu g.m-2.yr-1. Hun peat is a complete record of the history of atmospheric mercury deposition in the northeastern region since Holocene. It is divided into the following five stages: 11.5~10.2ka BP atmospheric mercury deposition rapid fluctuation stage; 10.2~9.0ka BP atmospheric mercury deposition rapid decline stage; 9.0~8.0ka BP atmospheric mercury precipitation intense fluctuation phase; 8.0~2.0ka BP atmospheric mercury sedimentation stability alternating wave weakening stage; 2.0~0ka BP atmospheric mercury sedimentation fluctuation stage.7, Hani mud Atmospheric mercury deposition in carbon recorded in Northeast China has a good response to climate catastrophic cold events including YD events, 11.1ka BP events, 10.3ka BP events, 8.2ka BP events, 4.2ka BP events and small ice periods. The atmospheric mercury deposition and sedimentation flux reached a very high peak during these climate catastrophes and cold events. Compared with the historical climate change of the Holocene and the atmospheric mercury deposition, it was found that the atmospheric mercury deposition was significantly enhanced when the climate experienced a dry and cold stage in the northeast, and the atmospheric mercury deposition was weakened when the climate experienced a warm and moist stage. Therefore, it was concluded that dry cold and cold climate would promote atmospheric mercury deposition in the northeast, and vice versa. .8, the volcanic ash layer in Hani peat was extracted by acidification. The morphology and chemical composition of the volcanic ash were studied by polarizing microscope, environmental scanning electron microscope and electron probe test. The eruption of Changbai Mountain Tianchi volcano in the Holocene ice field and the eruption of volcanic eruption were deduced. The origin age is 8352 + 76a BP~9604 + 80A BP (AMS14C age), and the correction age is 9337~10745a BP.. The comparison of the history of atmospheric mercury deposition in Northeast China and the volcanic eruption events in the northeast and East Asia during the Holocene epoch found that the atmospheric mercury deposition in the northeast region has a strong scale volcano in the northeastern and East Asian regions of the upper Holocene There is a significant response to the eruption events. The atmospheric mercury content and sedimentation flux in the northeastern region of the northeastern region of the high volcano eruption always maintain a high level or high peak value. Therefore, it is inferred that large scale volcanic eruptions can cause a sharp rise in regional or global atmospheric mercury in a short time, and cause local or partial volcanic eruptions. The atmospheric mercury deposition in the large area is rapidly enhanced by.9. The internal mechanism of the response of atmospheric mercury deposition to the Holocene climate change in Northeast China may be as follows: from a hundred year or a thousand year scale, the dry and cold climate can reduce the activity of gaseous single mercury in the atmosphere, speed up the sedimentation rate under the condensation, and the plants in the peat land can accept the global model. The atmospheric mercury content and atmospheric mercury deposition flux in the atmosphere can be enhanced by the recharge of peri gaseous mercury, and the warm and humid climate can increase the activity of gaseous mercury in atmospheric mercury, slow down the decreasing velocity of gaseous mercury, and mainly accept granular mercury, mercuric chloride and a small amount of gaseous single mercury, and the total amount of mercury deposition in the atmosphere is relatively higher. The internal mechanism of the response of atmospheric mercury deposition to volcanic eruption events in Northeast China may be as follows: during the Holocene, many intense volcanic eruptions occurred in the northeast and East Asia, and the atmospheric mercury content increased sharply during the eruption of the volcano, and the atmospheric mercury deposition was enhanced, and the acid gas produced by the eruption, such as HCl, H2S On the other hand, the large-scale volcanic eruption caused the rapid cooling and the formation of a more dry and cold climate, which promoted the atmospheric mercury deposition in the northeast region. The volcanic eruption activities have a good effect on the total amount of mercury and the sedimentation rate of atmospheric mercury, because the volcanic eruption activity has a good effect on the total amount of mercury and the sedimentation rate in the atmosphere. During the strong volcanic eruption in Northeast China and East Asia, we can find strong response of atmospheric mercury deposition in Hani peat.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：P532;X51
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本文編號(hào)：1991098