本文選題：黃土高原 + 新石器��； 參考：《蘭州大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：新石器社會(huì)最重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征是農(nóng)業(yè)逐漸取代狩獵-采集成為主要的生業(yè)方式,古人類(lèi)更加重視對(duì)植物資源的開(kāi)發(fā)和利用。除了大力栽培馴化各類(lèi)谷物,林木資源也受到先民的重視,成為他們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪兄饕男讲駚?lái)源和補(bǔ)充性的食物來(lái)源。同時(shí),隨著農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式的興起,新石器時(shí)期的人口大量增加,人類(lèi)活動(dòng)開(kāi)始對(duì)植被景觀產(chǎn)生重要影響。黃土高原是我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)起源中心之一,具有悠久、完備的新石器文化演化序列,自然環(huán)境長(zhǎng)期受到人類(lèi)活動(dòng)的干擾,原生植被幾乎被墾殖殆盡,其地質(zhì)歷史時(shí)期的植被類(lèi)型是研究者關(guān)心和討論的核心問(wèn)題。但長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),研究人員對(duì)黃土高原地區(qū)林地植被的組成、演化認(rèn)識(shí)不足,部分原因是缺乏新石器農(nóng)業(yè)人群對(duì)林地資源利用方式的考古學(xué)證據(jù)。此外,在對(duì)黃土高原史前人地關(guān)系進(jìn)行討論時(shí),缺少高分辨率的代用指標(biāo)重建古人類(lèi)的活動(dòng)強(qiáng)度(古人口),對(duì)人地關(guān)系的認(rèn)識(shí)不夠深入。新石器人群對(duì)林地資源的利用或破壞主要包括三個(gè)方面:砍伐樹(shù)木獲得薪柴,砍伐(焚燒)森林獲得耕地,栽培或馴化果樹(shù)。本文利用代用指標(biāo)-木炭大化石-通過(guò)以上三個(gè)方面,研究隴西黃土高原林地植被組成,以及史前農(nóng)業(yè)人群的林地資源利用方式。首先,基于山那樹(shù)扎遺址發(fā)掘過(guò)程中獲得的大量木炭化石,研究史前農(nóng)業(yè)人群薪柴收集策略。然后,對(duì)莊浪縣諸多考古遺址進(jìn)行考古學(xué)調(diào)查,采集木炭大化石進(jìn)行分析,研究中晚全新世該區(qū)域林地植被演化過(guò)程和主要驅(qū)動(dòng)因素,同時(shí)獲得果樹(shù)的利用、栽培信息�；谝陨险J(rèn)識(shí),并通過(guò)累計(jì)概率統(tǒng)計(jì)方法,對(duì)黃土高原過(guò)去一萬(wàn)年來(lái)人口發(fā)展進(jìn)行重建,深入討論了人口、氣候和農(nóng)業(yè)之間的關(guān)系。主要結(jié)論如下:1.山那樹(shù)扎遺址位于黃土高原向青藏高原的過(guò)渡地帶。木炭分析結(jié)果顯示出典型的山地植被特征。以松屬和云杉屬等針葉材木炭為主,楊屬、柳屬、櫟屬和樺木屬木炭的含量次之。植被類(lèi)型包括針葉林、針闊混交林以及河岸闊葉林,植被類(lèi)型與現(xiàn)代植被類(lèi)型相似,當(dāng)時(shí)的氣候條件類(lèi)似于或者稍暖于現(xiàn)在的氣候條件。對(duì)其直徑的重建結(jié)果則顯示90%(基于體積計(jì)算)以上的木炭直徑均小于10cm。收集較小直徑的木材是當(dāng)時(shí)人類(lèi)有意識(shí)的行為,既是對(duì)灶的一種適應(yīng),也是對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)組織的一種反映,是一種節(jié)省時(shí)間和勞動(dòng)力的選擇。可以肯定的是,木材的大小(直徑)而非木材種類(lèi)是影響該地區(qū)木材收集策略的主要因素。這種木材收集策略表明,馬家窯文化時(shí)期農(nóng)業(yè)人群以收集林下較小直徑的倒木、死木,或者折斷主干旁生的小枝等為主,而不是砍伐樹(shù)木。2.莊浪縣考古調(diào)查獲得的木炭分析結(jié)果顯示,在隴西黃土高原丘陵溝壑區(qū),6000-3000calyrbp時(shí)段,植被類(lèi)型主要是以櫟屬、榆屬、槭木屬及樺木科為代表的落葉闊葉林,并存在一定量的竹林,針葉林植被較少。溫帶與廣域性植被和亞熱帶植被的相對(duì)含量變化與區(qū)域附近其他自然指標(biāo)變化相一致,顯示林地植被的演化主要受到氣候條件的控制。長(zhǎng)期農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)的開(kāi)展并沒(méi)有對(duì)林地植被產(chǎn)生顯著的影響,主要原因可能與黃土本身特性以及旱作農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式特殊的土地利用方式有關(guān)。史前農(nóng)業(yè)人群主要在黃土高原塬面上對(duì)粟、黍耐旱作物進(jìn)行栽培,開(kāi)墾、平整耕地等人類(lèi)活動(dòng)并沒(méi)有對(duì)主要分布于溝谷內(nèi)的林地植被造成顯著破壞。相反的,相對(duì)于草本植物而言,林地植被是更加稀有又必不可少的能源資源和建筑資源,史前農(nóng)業(yè)人群對(duì)林地資源的利用是有計(jì)劃性和可持續(xù)性的。3.果樹(shù)是隴西黃土高原史前人群利用的食物資源之一,果樹(shù)類(lèi)型多種多樣。從4000calyrbp之后,李屬和蘋(píng)果亞科木炭出土量顯著增加,表現(xiàn)出與區(qū)域氣候不相符合的變化特征,表明從這個(gè)時(shí)候起,人類(lèi)已經(jīng)在進(jìn)行果樹(shù)的栽培和管理活動(dòng),考慮到其馴化速度相對(duì)于種子作物可能更慢,這些果樹(shù)的馴化歷史可能會(huì)更早。果實(shí)由于不易于保存,嚴(yán)重的妨礙了研究人員對(duì)果樹(shù)類(lèi)作物馴化過(guò)程的研究。木炭顯微構(gòu)造特征和穩(wěn)定同位素研究的開(kāi)展,為我們提供了研究果樹(shù)栽培、馴化過(guò)程的新的思路。4.古人口重建結(jié)果顯示,黃土高原地區(qū)人口發(fā)展存在兩次擴(kuò)張階段和三次波動(dòng),第一次擴(kuò)張發(fā)生在7.8calkabp,第二次在5.9calkabp,三次人口波動(dòng)分別在5.4、4.5和3.7calkabp。從8.5calkabp開(kāi)始,氣候條件的改善和作物的栽培促進(jìn)了人口的第一次增長(zhǎng),此時(shí)狩獵、采集仍是主要的生業(yè)方式。農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展是促進(jìn)人口第二次擴(kuò)張的主要?jiǎng)恿?農(nóng)業(yè)取代了狩獵采集成為主導(dǎo)的生業(yè)方式,粟取代了黍成為主要的作物品種。氣候的波動(dòng)導(dǎo)致人口數(shù)量出現(xiàn)了較大波動(dòng)。當(dāng)人口規(guī)模達(dá)到了土地承載能力的閾值時(shí),人口的發(fā)展對(duì)氣候波動(dòng)更加敏感�？傮w而言,史前的農(nóng)業(yè)人群通過(guò)栽培谷物類(lèi)作物和部分果樹(shù)類(lèi)作物,保證了食物資源的供應(yīng);合理利用木材資源,滿足日常生活對(duì)于能源的需求。正是通過(guò)對(duì)自然資源的合理利用,協(xié)調(diào)了人口、資源與環(huán)境之間的關(guān)系,實(shí)現(xiàn)了黃土高原地區(qū)史前社會(huì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展,形成了燦爛的新石器文化。本論文通過(guò)遺址內(nèi)出土的木炭大化石,對(duì)隴西黃土高原林地植被的組成、演化及農(nóng)業(yè)人群對(duì)林木資源的利用行為進(jìn)行研究,重建了一萬(wàn)年來(lái)黃土高原古人口的發(fā)展過(guò)程,為古人地關(guān)系的研究提供了新的有價(jià)值的信息。
[Abstract]:The most important economic feature of the Neolithic society is that agriculture has gradually replaced hunting, which has become the main way of life, and the ancient human is paying more attention to the development and utilization of plant resources. In addition to cultivating and domesticating all kinds of grain, the forest resources are also taken seriously by the ancestors, and become the main source of firewood and supplementary food in their daily life. At the same time, with the rise of the agricultural production mode, the population of the Neolithic period increased greatly, and the human activity began to have an important influence on the vegetation landscape. The Loess Plateau is one of the centers of agricultural origin in China. It has a long and complete evolutionary sequence of Neolithic culture, the natural environment is disturbed by human activities for a long time, and the primary vegetation is almost the same. The vegetation types in the geological and historical period are the core issues of the researchers' concern and discussion. However, for a long time, the researchers lack the understanding of the composition and evolution of the forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau, in part because of the lack of archaeological evidence for the use of woodland resources by the Neolithic population. In addition, the Loess Plateau is on the Loess Plateau. During the discussion of the prehistoric man and land relationship, there was a lack of high resolution proxy to reconstruct the activity intensity of the ancient human (ancient population), and the understanding of the human land relationship was not deep enough. The utilization or destruction of the forest resources by the Neolithic population mainly included three aspects: cutting trees to get firewood, cutting down (incineration) forest to obtain arable land, and cultivating or domesticating fruit trees. In this paper, using the substitute index - charcoal large fossil - through the above three aspects, the composition of the forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau of Longxi and the use of forest resources in the prehistoric agricultural population are studied. First, a large number of charcoal fossils obtained from the excavation of the site of the mountain tree Liga site are studied. Then, the strategy of collecting firewood for the prehistoric agricultural population is studied. Then, Zhuanglang County Many archaeological sites have conducted archaeological investigations, collected charcoal large fossils, and studied the process of forest vegetation evolution and main driving factors in the middle and late Holocene. At the same time, the use of fruit trees and cultivation information were obtained. Based on the above understanding, the population development of the Loess Plateau in the past ten thousand years was weighed by cumulative probability statistics. The relationship between population, climate and agriculture is discussed in depth. The main conclusions are as follows: the site of the 1. mountain tree ligature site is located in the transition zone of the Loess Plateau to the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The results of the charcoal analysis show typical features of the mountain vegetation. The wood charcoal of Pinus and spruce is the main charcoal, and the content of poplar, willow, Quercus and birch charcoal is the second. The vegetation types include coniferous forest, coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest and riparian broad-leaved forest. The vegetation types are similar to modern vegetation types. The climate conditions at that time are similar to or slightly warmer to the present climate conditions. The results of the reconstruction of their diameters show that 90% (based on volume calculation) the diameter of the wood carbon is smaller than the 10cm. collection of smaller diameter wood. The conscious behavior of the man at that time was both an adaptation to the focus and a reflection of the social organization at that time. It was a choice to save time and labor. It was certain that the size (diameter) of the wood rather than the species of wood was the main factor affecting the timber collection strategy in this area. During the cultural period, the agricultural population collected the smaller diameter of the trees, dead wood, or the branches next to the main stem, but not the wood charcoal analysis obtained from the archaeological survey in the Zhuanglang County of.2.. The results showed that in the hilly and gully areas of the Longxi Loess Plateau, the main types of vegetation were Quercus, elm, Acer, and the genus Acer in the 6000-3000calyrbp period. And the deciduous broad-leaved forest represented by the birch family, there is a certain amount of bamboo forest, and the coniferous forest vegetation is less. The relative changes in the relative content of the temperate zone and the wide area vegetation and the subtropical vegetation are in accordance with the other natural index changes near the region, which shows that the evolution of the forest vegetation is mainly controlled by the climate conditions. The main reasons for the forest vegetation may be related to the characteristics of the Loess itself and the special land use mode in the way of agricultural production. The prehistoric agricultural population mainly cultivated, cultivated and leveled the cultivated land on the Loess Plateau. In contrast, the forest vegetation is a rare and indispensable energy resource and building resource relative to the herbaceous plants. The use of the prehistoric agricultural population to the woodland resources is a planned and sustainable.3. fruit tree which is one of the food resources used by the people before the history of the Loess Plateau in Longxi, and the type of fruit trees is much more. After 4000calyrbp, the unearthed amount of the charcoal and charcoal of the family plum and apple subfamily has increased significantly, showing a change in the climate that is not consistent with the regional climate. It shows that from this time, human beings have been doing the cultivation and management of fruit trees, considering that the domestication rate of the fruit trees may be slower than that of the seed crops, and the domestication history of these fruit trees can be taken into account. It can be earlier. Because the fruit is not easy to preserve, it seriously hinders the researchers' study on the domestication of fruit tree crops. The characteristics of the charcoal microstructures and the study of stable isotopes provide us with a new idea to study the cultivation of fruit trees and the domestication process. The results of the.4. ancient people's weight construction show that the population development of the Loess Plateau region is developed. In the two expansion stage and three fluctuation, the first expansion occurred in 7.8calkabp, second times in 5.9calkabp, and the three population fluctuations began in 5.4,4.5 and 3.7calkabp. respectively from 8.5calkabp. The improvement of climate conditions and the cultivation of crops promoted the first growth of the population. At this time hunting, collection was still the main way of living. It is the main driving force for the second expansion of the population. Agriculture has replaced hunting acquisition as the dominant way of living. Millet has replaced millet as the main crop. The fluctuation of climate leads to large fluctuations in population. When population size reaches the threshold of land carrying capacity, population development is more sensitive to climate fluctuations. In general, the prehistoric agricultural population ensures the supply of food resources through the cultivation of cereal crops and some fruit trees, and makes rational use of wood resources to meet the demand for energy in daily life. It is through the rational use of natural resources that the relationship between population, resources and the environment is coordinated, and the Loess Plateau region has been realized. The sustainable development of prehistoric society has formed a splendid new stone culture. This paper, through the large fossils of charcoal unearthed in the site, studies the composition and evolution of the woodland vegetation in the Loess Plateau of Longxi and the behavior of the agricultural population on the utilization of forest resources, and reconstructs the development process of the ancient population of the yellow earth plateau for the past ten thousand years, which is a relationship between the ancient people and the land. The research provides new and valuable information.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：Q914

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