本文選題：泥石流 + 形成條件�。� 參考：《長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：研究區(qū)瀾滄江上游干流—扎曲雜多縣城段位于青藏高原腹地,在青藏高原持續(xù)隆升的影響下,斷裂、褶皺發(fā)育強(qiáng)烈,新構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)活躍,垂直差異性升降運(yùn)動(dòng)明顯,溝谷發(fā)育,地形切割嚴(yán)重,凍融風(fēng)化剝蝕作用強(qiáng)烈。研究區(qū)屬高寒大陸性高原氣候,降雨集中,雨強(qiáng)較高。致使區(qū)內(nèi)扎曲兩側(cè)支溝泥石流極為易發(fā),給當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裆?cái)產(chǎn)和建筑設(shè)施造成嚴(yán)重威脅和損失,并嚴(yán)重破壞了區(qū)內(nèi)生態(tài)環(huán)境。因此研究區(qū)內(nèi)泥石流的形成條件、預(yù)測(cè)其危險(xiǎn)范圍并提出防治方案不僅能夠?yàn)樵摰貐^(qū)的防災(zāi)減災(zāi)工作提供有效的理論依據(jù),而且對(duì)其他地質(zhì)環(huán)境類似地區(qū)的泥石流預(yù)測(cè)研究也具有參考借鑒意義。論文在野外調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)泥石流進(jìn)行分類并分析其形成條件:區(qū)內(nèi)泥石流以暴雨型溝谷泥石流為主,大多為稀性中易發(fā)泥石流,多處于旺盛期;主要發(fā)育在流域面積小于5km2的“V”字型溝谷,平面形態(tài)多呈“漏斗狀”,主溝縱坡值較大,兩側(cè)溝坡以陡坡為主,流域高差多在100~500m;物源以風(fēng)化和節(jié)理發(fā)育的硬巖為主,通過巖石凍融實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著凍融循環(huán)次數(shù)的增加,巖樣的縱波波速、CT數(shù)和抗拉強(qiáng)度都呈減小的趨勢(shì),致使巖樣的整體性變差、強(qiáng)度降低,不斷破碎,形成松散堆積物,在重力作用和地表水的作用下,進(jìn)入到泥石流溝道中,構(gòu)成了泥石流的主要物源;大氣降水和冰雪融水組成了泥石流的水動(dòng)力條件,其中以降雨為主,冰雪融水作為區(qū)內(nèi)泥石流水動(dòng)力的一個(gè)重要組成部分,對(duì)區(qū)內(nèi)泥石流的發(fā)育有重要影響。植被對(duì)泥石流的形成有抑制和促進(jìn)的雙重作用,但其影響是有限的。通過對(duì)研究區(qū)泥石流堆積扇形態(tài)的野外調(diào)查和遙感解譯,總結(jié)其形狀主要有四種:扇形、掃帚形、疊加形和舌形。利用MATLAB軟件分析泥石流堆積范圍與其影響因子的相關(guān)性認(rèn)為,在地形地貌因子中流域面積和流域相對(duì)高差兩個(gè)因子是泥石流堆積范圍預(yù)測(cè)的關(guān)鍵因子;在物源因子中選擇物源總儲(chǔ)量代替參與運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)儲(chǔ)量,可以作為泥石流堆積范圍預(yù)測(cè)的關(guān)鍵因子;在水動(dòng)力因子方面,認(rèn)為研究區(qū)現(xiàn)有泥石流堆積扇是在日最大降雨量21.7mm~37.9mm范圍條件下,多年多次堆積形成的;最終在日最大降雨量21.7mm~37.9mm的前提條件下,選取流域面積、流域相對(duì)高差、泥石流溝內(nèi)物源總儲(chǔ)量三個(gè)作為預(yù)測(cè)因子,用研究區(qū)內(nèi)29條泥石流溝的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),通過多元回歸分析,建立了研究區(qū)泥石流最大堆積長(zhǎng)度和最大堆積寬度的預(yù)測(cè)模型,并用這29條溝的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了自檢,誤差滿足初步預(yù)測(cè)的精度要求。用研究區(qū)內(nèi)另外5條典型泥石流溝數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)建立的模型進(jìn)行了檢驗(yàn),分析了產(chǎn)生誤差的原因,認(rèn)為該模型預(yù)測(cè)產(chǎn)生的誤差是客觀的,也是合理的。說明該計(jì)算模型對(duì)研究區(qū)或與研究區(qū)流域環(huán)境地質(zhì)背景相似的其他地區(qū)具有一定的適應(yīng)性和可靠性,可以對(duì)這些區(qū)域的泥石流堆積范圍進(jìn)行初步的預(yù)測(cè)。最后對(duì)研究區(qū)典型泥石流—佐青寺泥石流提出了兩種防治方案,運(yùn)用模糊綜合評(píng)判方法得出以攔為主,輔以排導(dǎo)的工程防治方案,即:攔砂壩+谷坊壩+單邊防護(hù)堤+排導(dǎo)槽為較優(yōu)防治方案。
[Abstract]:Located in the hinterland of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau, the main stream of the upper reaches of the Lancang River in the upper reaches of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, under the influence of the sustained uplift of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the faults and folds develop strongly, the movement of the neotectonic movement is active, the vertical differential movement is obvious, the valley is developed, the terrain is cut seriously and the freezing thawing weathering denudation is strong. The study area belongs to the high cold continental plateau. The climate, the concentration of rainfall and the high intensity of the rain have caused the debris flow of the two sides of the district to be very easy to occur, causing serious threat and loss to the local residents' life, property and building facilities, and seriously destroying the ecological environment in the area. Therefore, the formation conditions of the debris flow in the study area, the prediction of the danger range and the prevention scheme not only can be used for this area. The work of disaster prevention and reduction in the area provides an effective theoretical basis, and is also of reference significance to the debris flow prediction research in other geological environment similar areas. Based on the field investigation, the paper classifies the debris flow and analyzes its formation conditions: the debris flow in the area is mainly the storm and ravine debris flow, most of which are easy to occur in the rarefying. Debris flow is mostly in exuberant period, mainly developed in "V" gully with area less than 5km2, the plane shape is mostly "funnel shape", the main ditch vertical slope is larger, the slope of the two sides is steep, the valley height is more in 100~500m, the source is mainly hard rock with weathering and joint development, and the freezing thawing experiment found with freezing thawing cycle times. With the increase of the number, the longitudinal wave velocity, CT number and tensile strength of the rock samples are decreasing, resulting in the deterioration of the integrity of the rock samples, the decrease of the strength, the continuous fragmentation and the formation of loose deposits. Under the action of gravity and surface water, it enters into the debris flow channel and forms the main source of the mud and rock flow; the atmospheric precipitation and ice snow melt constitute mud. The hydrodynamic conditions of the rock flow are mainly rainfall, and ice and snow melt water is an important part of the hydrodynamic force of the debris flow in the region. It has an important influence on the development of debris flow in the region. The vegetation has a double effect on the formation of debris flow, but its influence is limited. There are four main forms of the survey and remote sensing interpretation. The main shapes are the fan shape, the broom shape, the superposition shape and the tongue shape. The MATLAB software is used to analyze the correlation between the accumulation range of debris flow and its influence factors. It is considered that the two factors of the basin area and the relative height difference in the watershed are the key factors of the debris flow accumulation range prediction. The total reserves of the selected material sources in the subregion can replace the active reserves participating in the movement, which can be used as the key factor for the prediction of debris flow accumulation range. In the aspect of hydrodynamic factors, it is considered that the existing debris flow fan in the study area is formed by many years of heap under the 21.7mm~37.9mm range of the daily maximum rainfall, and the maximum daily rainfall is 21.7mm~37.9mm. Under the precondition, the area of the basin, the relative height of the basin and the total reserves of the debris in the debris flow gully are three as the prediction factors. The prediction model of the maximum accumulation length and the maximum heap width of the debris flow in the study area is established by multiple regression analysis, and the data of the 29 gully are used. The error satisfies the precision requirement of the preliminary prediction. 5 other typical debris flow trench data in the study area are used to test the established model, and the cause of the error is analyzed. It is considered that the prediction error of the model is objective and reasonable. The other areas with similar scenery have certain adaptability and reliability, and the debris flow accumulation range of these areas can be preliminarily predicted. In the end, two prevention and control schemes are put forward for the typical debris flow of the study area, the debris flow of the Zuo Qing temple. Sand control dam + Valley Dam + unilateral embankment + drainage channel is a better control plan.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：長(zhǎng)安大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：P642.23

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