本文選題：柳江流域 + 酸雨　； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：巖溶作用是一種發(fā)生在地球淺表層環(huán)境下的特殊地質(zhì)過(guò)程,與大氣圈、水圈、生物圈密切相關(guān),因其地球化學(xué)過(guò)程中具有低溫性、外放敏感性和生物參與性等特點(diǎn),會(huì)導(dǎo)致巖溶水體DIC輸入的多變(碳匯效應(yīng)的穩(wěn)定性受到影響)。作為巖溶碳匯的主控因子—水循環(huán),對(duì)巖溶碳匯的影響較大,不同時(shí)期(豐水期、平水期、枯水期)所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的碳匯特性也各不相同,同時(shí),自然界除了碳酸外,人類活動(dòng)造成的硫酸(酸雨)對(duì)碳酸鹽的溶解也能增加水中的DIC濃度,且H2SO4參與的碳酸鹽巖風(fēng)化本質(zhì)上是一個(gè)大氣CO2的凈釋放過(guò)程,必須在碳匯計(jì)算中加以扣除,對(duì)全球碳循環(huán)的研究具有十分重要的意義,所以碳酸鹽巖的硫酸風(fēng)化機(jī)制及其與區(qū)域碳循環(huán)的關(guān)系也是近些年一直關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。硫酸參與的化學(xué)風(fēng)化過(guò)程來(lái)源主要包括石膏的溶解、硫化物氧化、大氣降水以及人為排放,流域人類活動(dòng)可以顯著加速流域化學(xué)侵蝕,改變區(qū)域碳循環(huán),干擾流域物質(zhì)的生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán),對(duì)西南巖溶流域碳酸鹽巖的化學(xué)侵蝕具有重要貢獻(xiàn),大氣酸沉降(酸雨)中的SO42-、NO3-等酸性離子絕大部分來(lái)源于人為排放的SO2、NOX氣體,所以,以大氣沉降為形式的人類活動(dòng)對(duì)河流水化學(xué)組分帶來(lái)的影響日益受到人們的關(guān)注。本文選取西南巖溶區(qū)域中酸雨問(wèn)題較為突出的柳州地區(qū)作為研究區(qū),設(shè)置沙塘林校(郊區(qū))、柳州氣象局、柳州環(huán)保局三個(gè)雨水采樣點(diǎn),分析柳州市酸雨化學(xué)特征及致酸物質(zhì)來(lái)源,并在穿柳州市區(qū)而過(guò)的柳江設(shè)置監(jiān)測(cè)斷面,分別位于柳州的進(jìn)出口,露塘與洛維,及柳州中部的水文站斷面,用以分析降水中的硫源對(duì)該區(qū)域碳酸鹽巖風(fēng)化和碳匯效應(yīng)的影響。研究結(jié)果表明,柳州市全年降水樣品p H值的分布范圍為4.16~6.61,酸雨率為67.6%,主要為弱酸雨(5p H5.6)與較重酸雨(4.5p H5),酸雨形勢(shì)較為嚴(yán)峻。相對(duì)于90年代,主要致酸離子濃度均有大幅下降,脫硫除塵等措施也會(huì)使得NH4+、Ca2+等中和離子濃度下降,可能是p H值沒(méi)有大幅度變化的原因,但降水離子濃度與電導(dǎo)率已充分說(shuō)明柳州酸雨治理卓有成效。酸雨頻率與p H值的變化趨勢(shì)具有明顯的季節(jié)性特征,酸雨主要集中于冬、春兩季,這與我國(guó)大部分地區(qū)尤其是南方地區(qū)普遍存在的酸雨季節(jié)變化特征基本一致,與降水量的稀釋作用有很大關(guān)系。通過(guò)富集因子(EF)分析降水中主要因子來(lái)源,表明K+中97.2%的地殼來(lái)源中絕大多數(shù)為木質(zhì)燃燒等人為活動(dòng)釋放所得。CI-受人類活動(dòng)影響明顯,主要來(lái)自當(dāng)?shù)嘏欧?如垃圾焚燒、汽車尾氣排放(汽油中含有溴氯化物作為添加劑)等。SO42-的主要來(lái)源為人為來(lái)源,占到98.2%,SO42-主要源于煤炭燃燒釋放的SO2氣體氧化所得。NO3-的人為來(lái)源占到99.8%,主要包括燃料燃燒、大氣中的化學(xué)反應(yīng)以及汽車尾氣排放等。Ca2+和Mg2+主要來(lái)為土壤來(lái)源,這與研究區(qū)的巖溶區(qū)背景相一致,但人為因素也能向大氣中釋放數(shù)量可觀的堿性離子,且相對(duì)自然過(guò)程更為劇烈,如采石場(chǎng)進(jìn)行石料開采過(guò)程中釋放大量揚(yáng)塵。確定影響研究區(qū)的2個(gè)較為穩(wěn)定的水汽來(lái)源:1、西南方向百色、南寧等工礦業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)或人口密集型城市,西南方向的氣流絕大部分都路經(jīng)此地,尤其夏半年受西南季風(fēng)影響大,春季幾乎所有的酸雨水汽氣團(tuán)都來(lái)自于西南方向經(jīng)南寧等城市徑直抵達(dá)柳州,夏季占到44%,秋季與冬季多是東南方向氣流登陸后經(jīng)南寧等西南部城市再向東北抵達(dá)柳州;2、東南方向廣東雷州半島及珠三角地區(qū),來(lái)源于西太平洋的氣流經(jīng)過(guò)此地徑直到達(dá)柳州或經(jīng)南寧等城市抵達(dá)柳州,夏季占到8%,秋季占到57%,冬季占到33%。對(duì)比相鄰的酸雨區(qū)桂林降水的氣流運(yùn)移軌跡,中部酸雨帶如江西、湖北、湖南、安徽等省份的工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)人口稠密地區(qū)并未對(duì)柳州的酸雨造成直接影響。柳州水文站斷面SO42-濃度變化趨勢(shì)與降水量有很好的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,說(shuō)明降水對(duì)該流域SO42-的貢獻(xiàn)較大,結(jié)合對(duì)該流域硫同位素的分析,以大氣沉降為形式的人類活動(dòng)勢(shì)必對(duì)該流域的巖石風(fēng)化及碳匯效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生一定影響,比較汛期與枯水期降水對(duì)河水離子濃度的貢獻(xiàn)率,枯水期降水對(duì)河水離子的貢獻(xiàn)均有上升,造成這一現(xiàn)象的原因可能是人類活動(dòng)信號(hào)被徑流稀釋,也有可能是汛期徑流量增大導(dǎo)致化學(xué)風(fēng)化加強(qiáng),更多的風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物進(jìn)入水體降低了海鹽源的相對(duì)貢獻(xiàn)。其中SO42-來(lái)源于降水的比例高達(dá)到70%左右,柳州降水中SO42-的人為來(lái)源占到98.2%,則汛期與枯水期由人為來(lái)源帶入該河段的SO42-比重分別達(dá)到65.9%和76.5%,均值為71.2%。硫酸風(fēng)化碳酸鹽巖所占的比例為32%,則該流域中人為硫源對(duì)碳酸鹽巖的風(fēng)化比例為22.8%。對(duì)比硫酸參與后碳酸鹽巖的溶蝕速率與碳匯速率的變化,計(jì)算結(jié)果顯示硫酸參與后,該流域風(fēng)化速率增加了5.6%,相對(duì)于只考慮碳酸溶蝕,碳酸鹽巖溶蝕產(chǎn)生的碳匯速率應(yīng)減少19%,通過(guò)之前討論的河水中SO42-的人為硫源比例為71.2%,可認(rèn)為人為硫源造成的碳匯速率計(jì)算應(yīng)減少13.53%。
[Abstract]:Karstification is a special geological process occurring in the shallow surface environment of the earth. It is closely related to the atmosphere, water circle and biosphere. Because of its low temperature, sensitivity and biological participation in the geochemical process, the DIC input of karst water will be changeable (the stability of carbon sequestration effect). The main controlling factor of the sinks, water cycle, has great influence on the carbon sink of karst, and the carbon sequestration characteristics are different in different periods (high water period, flat water period and dry water period). At the same time, in nature, the solution of sulfuric acid (acid rain) caused by human activities can increase the concentration of DIC in water, and the carbonate rocks of H2SO4 participate in the carbonate rock. Weathering is essentially a net release process of atmospheric CO2, which must be deducted in the calculation of carbon sink and is of great significance for the study of global carbon cycle. So the mechanism of sulphuric acid weathering and its relationship with the regional carbon cycle are also a hot point in recent years. The source of the chemical weathering process of sulphuric acid is the source of the chemical weathering process. It mainly includes the dissolution of gypsum, sulfide oxidation, atmospheric precipitation and anthropogenic emissions. Human activities in the basin can significantly accelerate the chemical erosion of the basin, change the regional carbon cycle, and interfere with the biogeochemical cycle of the material in the basin, which has an important contribution to the chemical invasion of carbonate rocks in the southwest karst basin, and the SO42- in the acid precipitation (acid rain). Most of the acid ions, such as NO3-, are derived from the human emission of SO2, NOX gas. Therefore, the influence of human activities in the form of atmospheric sedimentation on the chemical composition of river water is increasingly concerned. In this paper, the Liuzhou area, which is more prominent in the southwest karst region, is selected as the research area, and the sand pond forest school (suburb) is set up. The Liuzhou Meteorological Bureau and the three rainwater sampling points of the Liuzhou Environmental Protection Bureau analyzed the acid rain chemical characteristics and the source of acid causing substances in Liuzhou City, and set up monitoring sections in the Liujiang River, which was passing through Liuzhou City, which were located in the import and export of Liuzhou, lowei and lowei, and the hydrological station section in central Liuzhou to analyze the sulfur source in the precipitation to the carbonate rock in the region. The result of the effect of weathering and carbon sequestration shows that the distribution range of P H value of the annual precipitation sample in Liuzhou is 4.16~6.61, the acid rain rate is 67.6%, mainly the weak acid rain (5p H5.6) and the heavier acid rain (4.5p H5), the acid rain situation is more severe. Compared with the 90s, the main acid ion concentration has a significant decrease, and the desulfurization and dust removal measures will also make The decrease of neutralization ion concentration, such as NH4+ and Ca2+, may be the reason why the P H value has not changed greatly, but the precipitation ion concentration and electrical conductivity have fully demonstrated that the acid rain control of Liuzhou is effective. The frequency of acid rain and the change trend of P H value have obvious seasonal characteristics, the main collection of acid rain in winter and spring two season, which is especially in most areas of our country. It is a common seasonal variation of acid rain in southern China, which is closely related to the dilution of precipitation. Through the enrichment factor (EF) analysis of the main source of factors in precipitation, it is shown that the overwhelming majority of the 97.2% of the crustal sources in the K+ are wood burning and others for the activity release of.CI-, which are mainly influenced by human activities. The main source of.SO42- from local emission, such as waste incineration, automobile exhaust emission, (gasoline containing bromide as additive) is human source, accounting for 98.2%. SO42- mainly originates from the SO2 gas oxidation of coal combustion released by SO2, which accounts for 99.8% of the human sources, mainly including fuel combustion, chemical reactions in the atmosphere and cars. .Ca2+ and Mg2+ are mainly the source of soil, which is in accordance with the background of the karst area in the study area, but human factors can also release a considerable amount of alkaline ions to the atmosphere, and the relative natural process is more intense. For example, a large amount of dust is released during the mining process of the quarry. 2 more stable factors affecting the study area are determined. Water vapor sources: 1, southwest direction Baise, Nanning and other industries and mining developed or densely populated cities, the southwest of the vast majority of the air flow through this area, especially in the summer half of the southwest monsoon, almost all of the acid rain and vapor in the southwest from Nanning and other cities directly to Liuzhou, summer accounts for 44%, autumn and the autumn. In winter, most of the south-east airflow was landed in the south-west cities of Nanning and then to Liuzhou in the northeast. 2, the southeast direction of Guangdong Leizhou Peninsula and the Pearl River Delta region, the West Pacific airflow reached Liuzhou or Nanning and other cities through the West Pacific, occupied 8% in summer and 57% in autumn, and in winter occupied 33%. contrast. There is no direct impact on the acid rain in Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui and other provinces such as Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui and other provinces of the central acid rain zone, such as Jiangxi, Hubei, Anhui and other provinces. The change trend of the concentration of the Liuzhou hydrological station has a good relationship with the precipitation, indicating that the precipitation has a great contribution to the SO42- in this basin. According to the analysis of sulfur isotopes in this basin, human activities in the form of atmospheric sedimentation are bound to have a certain influence on the rock weathering and carbon sequestration effect in the basin, compare the contribution rate of precipitation to the ion concentration in the flood season and the dry water period, and increase the contribution of precipitation to the river ion in the dry water period, which may cause this phenomenon. The signal of human activity is diluted by runoff, and it may also be the increase of chemical weathering in flood season. More weathering products enter the water body to reduce the relative contribution of the sea salt source. The proportion of SO42- from precipitation is about 70%, and the human source of SO42- in the precipitation in Liuzhou is 98.2%. The proportion of SO42- into the river reaches 65.9% and 76.5% respectively, the proportion of the mean value of 71.2%. sulphuric acid weathering carbonate rock is 32%, and the weathering ratio of human sulfur source to carbonate rocks in this basin is 22.8%. and the carbonatite dissolution rate and carbon sink rate change after the participation of sulphuric acid. The calculation results show that after the sulphuric acid participation, the basin is involved. The rate of weathering increased by 5.6%, and the carbon sink rate of carbonate rock dissolution should be reduced by 19% compared with carbonate dissolution only. The ratio of human sulfur source to SO42- in river water before discussion is 71.2%. It is considered that the carbon sink rate caused by artificial sulfur source should be reduced by 13.53%..

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X517;P512.1

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