本文選題：土壤 + 粘土礦物��； 參考：《成都理工大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：巴關(guān)河渣場位于攀枝花市西區(qū),巴關(guān)河至北向南穿過該渣場。渣場東臨大山,西臨攀枝花蘇鐵自然保護區(qū),南北距離約300米就有居民區(qū)。渣場于1993年投入運營,現(xiàn)在是攀鋼排棄高爐渣的唯一場所,隨著攀鋼生產(chǎn)規(guī)模逐年提高,排渣量也逐年增大,現(xiàn)在每年出渣量已約為320萬噸,使得渣場承載能力已接近使用極限。在大量廢渣堆棄的過程中,釩、鉻、鎘等有害重金屬會隨雨水淋濾及大氣揚塵等方式遷移到附近土壤中,造成較嚴重的土壤污染,進而對生態(tài)環(huán)境和附近居民的健康帶來危害。本論文以巴關(guān)河渣場周邊土壤作為研究對象,分別在巴關(guān)河渣場上游、渣場附近和渣場下游區(qū)域采集土壤樣品,采用地質(zhì)累積指數(shù)對土壤的污染程度進行評價。研究結(jié)果表明,渣場周邊土壤已較嚴重地被釩、鉻、鎘污染,因此被污染的土壤就會成為一個潛在的污染源,對附近居民的安全帶來隱患�？紤]土壤本身具備強大的吸附能力和自凈化能力,借助靜態(tài)吸附實驗重點研究已污染土壤對釩、鉻、鎘的吸附—固定特征,結(jié)合土壤的礦物組成、表面電荷特征、鐵錳鋁氧化物含量及比表面積等表征結(jié)果,對土壤吸附釩、鉻、鎘的機理進行較深入的探討,進而對已污染土壤對附近居民區(qū)的潛在危害性進行合理評價。研究表明:巴關(guān)河渣場周邊土壤中釩、鉻、鎘的受污染程度較嚴重。其中,巴關(guān)河上游區(qū)域土壤的釩、鉻、鉻均呈中度污染;渣場附近區(qū)域土壤釩和鎘呈中度污染,鉻呈中度污染到強污染;下游區(qū)域土壤釩和鎘呈中度污染,鉻呈中度污染到強污染。吸附時間對吸附量的影響實驗研究表明:污染土樣和污染液接觸24h內(nèi),污染土樣對V的吸附速率快,吸附量和去除率增勢顯著,去除率增至90%,因此靜態(tài)吸附實驗吸附時間設(shè)定為24h。雖然污染土樣已屬于中度污染,但對釩仍然有較好的吸附能力和自凈化能力。污染液初始濃度對土壤吸附量的影響實驗研究表明:釩、鎘初始濃度在0mg/L~450mg/L之間時,5個土樣對釩和鎘的吸附量總體呈現(xiàn)隨初始濃度的增大而增大的趨勢,且受污染土樣在高濃度(450mg/L)污染液中對釩和鎘仍具有較好的吸附—固定能力。但是巴關(guān)河渣場周邊的土壤對鉻基本已不具備自凈化的能力,必須要進行污染治理。p H值對土壤吸附量的影響實驗研究表明:在實驗范圍內(nèi),4號和15號污染土樣對釩的吸附量基本呈現(xiàn)隨p H值的增大而降低的趨勢;對鎘的吸附量均隨著p H值的增大而增大;對鉻沒有明顯規(guī)律。利用吸附等溫方程式對4號和15號污染土樣吸附釩、鉻、鎘進行線性擬合,研究表明:兩種污染土樣對釩和鎘的吸附特征更符合Langmuir方程吸附模型,即土樣對釩和鎘的吸附屬于單分子層吸附,為不可逆吸附;兩種污染土樣對鉻的吸附特征更符合Freundlich方程吸附模型,即土樣對鉻的吸附屬于不均勻表面吸附,為可逆吸附。受污染土樣的XRD物相分析結(jié)果表明:主要礦物成分均為石英及粘土礦物,此外還有斜長石、透閃石、方解石、鉀長石及黃鐵礦等。而粘土礦物主要為蒙脫石、伊利石、綠泥石。土樣表面會同時帶正電荷和負電荷,兩種電荷不具加和性,正電荷有利于土壤吸附陰離子,負電荷有利于土壤吸附陽離子。土樣的永久負電荷(CECp)主要起因于層狀粘土礦物蒙脫石、伊利石中的類質(zhì)同像置換作用,正電荷(AEC)則主要源于粘土礦物(蒙脫石、伊利石、綠泥石及高嶺石等)破碎表面或結(jié)構(gòu)層邊緣上八面體結(jié)構(gòu)面中的Al、Fe、Mn的水合氧化物或羥基。p H值是影響土壤表面正電荷和負電荷數(shù)量的最重要的因素。在p H值相近的情況下,土樣對VO3-的吸附量與其正電荷(AEC)的大小基本呈現(xiàn)正相關(guān)性關(guān)系,即土樣表面正電荷(AEC)的增大有利于VO3-的吸附—固定。p H值減小,有利于土壤表面正電荷的增大,進而有利于吸附呈陰離子形式存在的VO3-,表現(xiàn)為在酸性介質(zhì)中土壤對釩的吸附量增大。與Cr2O72-相比土壤對VO3-具有特定選擇吸附性。p H值增大時,有利于土壤表面負電荷的增大,進而有利于土壤吸附呈陽離子形式存在的Cd2+,表現(xiàn)為在堿性條件下對鎘的吸附量增大。粘土提純前后的土樣對釩、鎘、鉻的吸附實驗研究表明,提純粘土對釩和鎘的吸附效果優(yōu)于天然土樣,而鉻無明顯規(guī)律。與天然土樣相比,提純粘土中透閃石、方石英和鈉長石含量明顯降低,粘土礦物總含量雖有所增大,但還含部分石英,因此提純方法有待改進。SEM/EDS分析顯示:4號和15號提純土樣吸附釩后均能被能譜檢測出,且所吸附的釩分布較均勻,沒有明顯的富集區(qū)域,但土樣吸附鎘后不易被檢測出,吸附鉻后則很難被檢測出來,其原因可能和土樣對釩、鉻、鎘的吸附位置有關(guān)。
[Abstract]:The Bagang River slag field is located in the West District of Panzhihua City, the bagun river goes to the north and south through the slag field. The slag field is on the mountains in the East and the Panzhihua cycad Nature Reserve in the west, and there is a residential area about 300 meters in the north and south. The slag field is put into operation in 1993. It is now the only place for Pangang to discarded blast furnace slag. As the scale of Panzhihua steel production increases year by year, the amount of slag discharge is also by year by year. In the process of a large number of waste residue, the harmful heavy metals such as vanadium, chromium, cadmium and other harmful heavy metals will be migrated to the nearby soil, resulting in more serious soil pollution and the health of the ecological environment and nearby residents. This paper takes the soil around the bagagan River slag field as the research object. The soil samples are collected in the upstream of the bagun River slag field, near the slag field and the downstream area of the slag field, and the soil pollution is evaluated by the geological accumulation index. The results show that the soil on the periphery of the slag field has been seriously polluted by vanadium, chromium and cadmium. Contaminated soil will become a potential source of pollution, causing hidden dangers to the safety of nearby residents. Considering the strong adsorption capacity and self purification capacity of the soil itself, the adsorption and fixation characteristics of vanadium, chromium and cadmium in contaminated soil are studied with the help of static adsorption experiments, combined with the mineral composition of the soil, surface charge characteristics, iron manganese The mechanism of the adsorption of vanadium, chromium and cadmium in soil was deeply discussed, and the potential harmfulness of the contaminated soil to nearby residential areas was reasonably evaluated. The study showed that the pollution degree of vanadium, chromium and cadmium in the surrounding soil of the bagun River slag field was serious. The vanadium, chromium and chromium in the soil are moderately polluted, the soil vanadium and cadmium in the soil near the slag field are moderately polluted, the chromium is moderately polluted to the strong pollution, the soil vanadium and cadmium in the downstream area are moderately polluted, and the chromium is moderately polluted to the strong pollution. The experimental study on the effect of adsorption time on the adsorption capacity is that the contaminated soil and the polluted liquid are in contact with the 24h, and the contaminated soil sample is V The adsorption rate was fast, the adsorption capacity and removal rate increased significantly, and the removal rate increased to 90%. Therefore, the static adsorption experimental adsorption time was set to 24h. although the contaminated soil samples had been moderately polluted, but the adsorption capacity and self purification ability of vanadium were still better. The experimental study on the effect of initial concentration of the contaminated liquid on soil adsorption showed that the initial concentration of vanadium and cadmium was initial. When the concentration is between 0mg/L~450mg/L, the total adsorption of 5 soil samples on vanadium and cadmium increases with the increase of the initial concentration, and the contaminated soil has a better adsorption and fixation ability to vanadium and cadmium in the high concentration (450mg/L) polluted liquid, but the soil around the bagun River slag field has no self purification energy. The experimental study on the effect of.P H on soil adsorption capacity of pollution control shows that the adsorption of vanadium in the 4 and 15 contaminated soil samples decreased with the increase of P H value; the adsorption amount of cadmium increased with the increase of P H value; The adsorption of vanadium, chromium and cadmium on 4 and 15 contaminated soil samples is linear. The study shows that the adsorption characteristics of two kinds of contaminated soil samples to vanadium and cadmium are more in line with the Langmuir equation adsorption model, that is, the adsorption of vanadium and cadmium to vanadium and cadmium belongs to the single molecular layer adsorption and irreversible adsorption, and the adsorption characteristics of the two contaminated soil samples are more in accordance with the Freundlich equation. The adsorption of chromium on the soil sample is an uneven surface adsorption and reversible adsorption. The results of XRD phase analysis of contaminated soil samples show that the main mineral components are quartz and clay minerals, in addition to plagioclase, tremolite, calcite, potassium feldspar and pyrite, and clay minerals are mainly montmorillonite, illite, chlorite and soil sample. The surface will have both positive and negative charges at the same time. The two charges have no additivity, the positive charge is beneficial to the adsorption of anions in the soil, and the negative charge is beneficial to the adsorption of cations. The permanent negative charge (CECp) of the soil is mainly due to the montmorillonite in the layered clay mineral, the isomorphism in the illite, and the positive charge (AEC) mainly derived from clay ore. The most important factor affecting the positive and negative charge quantity of soil surface, such as Al, Fe, Mn and.P H, is the most important factor affecting the surface positive charge and negative charge in the eight surface structure surface of the fractured surface or the edge of the structural layer. The adsorption amount of the soil sample to VO3- and its positive charge (AEC) is larger than that of the P H value. The increase of positive charge (AEC) on the surface of the soil is beneficial to the adsorption of VO3-, which is beneficial to the decrease of the fixed.P H value, which is beneficial to the increase of the positive charge on the surface of the soil, which is beneficial to the adsorption of the VO3- in the form of anion in the form of the acid, which shows that the amount of adsorption of the soil to vanadium increases in the acid medium. Compared with Cr2O72-, the soil to VO3- is compared to VO3-. The increase of the specific selective adsorption.P H value is beneficial to the increase of the negative charge on the surface of the soil, which is beneficial to the adsorption of soil in the form of Cd2+ in the form of cation, which shows the increase of the adsorption of cadmium under the alkaline condition. The adsorption of vanadium, cadmium and chromium on the soil samples before and after the purification of clay shows that the adsorption of clay to vanadium and cadmium The effect is better than natural soil, but chromium has no obvious regularity. Compared with natural soil sample, the content of tremolite in clay, the content of quartzite and albite is obviously reduced, although the total content of clay minerals is increased, but also contains some quartz, so the purification method needs to be improved by.SEM/EDS analysis. The adsorption of vanadium on the 4 and 15 pure soil samples can be detected by energy spectrum. It is found that the distribution of the adsorbed vanadium is more uniform, and there is no obvious enrichment area, but the soil sample is not easily detected after the adsorption of cadmium, and it is difficult to be detected after the adsorption of chromium. The reason may be due to the adsorption position of soil to vanadium, chromium and cadmium.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：成都理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：X53;P579

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