本文選題：河流階地 + 階地位相��； 參考：《華東師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：河流地貌對構造運動和氣候變化的響應一直是河流地貌學和構造地貌學研究的核心內(nèi)容之一。作為最基本的河流地貌類型之一的河流階地,自然而然也成為了這方面研究的重要對象。通過對河流階地的研究,不單可以重建河流地貌的演化歷史,而且還可以獲取區(qū)域氣候變化與構造運動的信息。而河流階地形成年代則是相關研究的基礎。近些年來宇宙成因核素測年等新測年技術的發(fā)展和不斷完善,為河流階地研究奠定了基礎,極大地促進了河流地貌學與構造地貌學的研究與發(fā)展。作為亞洲內(nèi)陸規(guī)模巨大的年輕山系,天山歷來都是構造地貌學研究的一個重點區(qū)域。由于受到歐亞板塊與印度板塊擠壓碰撞的遠程響應,天山新生代構造重新復活以及山脈的再次隆升。這一地質(zhì)過程導致在天山北麓發(fā)育形成了與天山山體走向近于平行的三排逆斷裂-背斜帶。一系列南北流向的河流橫切這些背斜帶,發(fā)育形成了特征典型的河流地貌單元,并受背斜生長的影響而呈現(xiàn)向上拱曲變形的特征。前人基于詳細的河流階地位相測量與階地年代研究,分析了第Ⅱ、Ⅲ排逆斷裂-背斜帶在晚第四紀時期的構造活動特征(構造活動時間、幅度與速率),但目前對于第Ⅰ排逆斷裂-背斜帶(即山麓背斜帶)在晚第四紀構造活動性的認識仍不明確。另外,對于河流下切、階地形成機制問題的認識仍有爭議,天山是探討這一問題的理想?yún)^(qū)域。論文選擇天山北麓四棵樹河山前為研究區(qū)域(四棵樹河深切了山麓背斜帶西端的托斯臺背斜),以河流地貌為研究對象,基于詳細的野外考察、衛(wèi)星影像分析、階地年代測定等方面的工作,劃分了四棵樹河山前河流地貌序列,進一步根據(jù)河流階地位相特征,分析了托斯臺背斜在晚第四紀的構造活動性,探討了四棵樹河河流下切以及階地發(fā)育機制。論文取得的主要認識如下:(1)天山北麓四棵樹河山前主要發(fā)育5級河流階地,由老到新依次命名為T1、T2、T3、T4、T5。基于宇宙成因核素暴露測年法(CN),確定T1階地的廢棄年齡為77.27±6.92ka。通過光釋光測年,T2、T3階地的廢棄時間分別估計為15.925±3.04ka、14.98±1.62ka。(2)基于沖積扇扇面特征、形態(tài)和分布,將四棵樹河山前沖積扇劃分為三期,由老到新依次命名為F1、F2、F3,其中F1沖積扇由于嚴重的后期侵蝕,僅零星分布與出山口,F2、F3沖積扇則廣泛分布在山前�；趯Φ孛碴P系的考察,沖積扇F1、F2、F3分別對應于階地T1、T2、T5。(3)基于野外實測和數(shù)字高程模型(DEM)的分析,得到了四棵樹河山前T2、T3、T4階地的縱剖面。結(jié)果顯示,三級階地的縱剖面呈現(xiàn)向下游收斂的特征,即階地坡度呈現(xiàn)逐漸減小的趨勢。盡管階地縱剖面位于托斯臺背斜之上,但這些階地的縱剖面并沒有呈現(xiàn)向上拱曲變形的特征。野外地貌考察也沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)包括T1在內(nèi)的階地面上存在構造變形行跡。據(jù)此認為托斯臺背斜在晚第四紀期間構造上不活動,或者活動性不顯著。四棵樹河山前的構造活動已向盆地方向遷移,并導致最前緣的西湖隆起的發(fā)育形成。(4)根據(jù)階地拔河高度與階地年代,得到四棵樹河自T3階地形成以來(即約15ka以來)的下切速率約為6mmyr-1,在T1與T2階地之間的河流下切速率約為1.14mmyr-1(即～77-16ka期間)。綜合來看,四棵樹河山前晚更新世-全新世的河流下切速率明顯高于之前的河流下切速率。(5)基于階地年代與天山地區(qū)晚第四紀古氣候記錄的對比,認為四棵樹河晚第四紀沉積和下切過程可能主要受氣候控制,河流堆積作用主要發(fā)生在冰期,而河流下切主要發(fā)生在冰期-間冰期的氣候過渡階段,此時氣候相對溫暖、濕潤,河水流量增大、河流侵蝕能力增強。
[Abstract]:The response of river geomorphology to tectonic movement and climate change has been one of the core contents of river geomorphology and tectonic geomorphology. As one of the most basic River landforms, river terrace naturally becomes an important object in this field. By studying the river order, the river landforms can not be rebuilt only. The evolution history and the information of regional climate change and tectonic movement can also be obtained. The formation age of river terrace is the basis of related research. In recent years, the development and continuous improvement of new dating techniques, such as cosmic genetic nuclide year, have laid the foundation for river terrace research and greatly promoted River geomorphology and tectonic geomorphology. The Tianshan Mountains have always been a key area for the study of tectonic geomorphology. Because of the long-range response to the collision between the Eurasian plate and the India plate, the Cenozoic structure of the Tianshan Mountain is resurrected and the mountain rises again. This geological process led to the development of the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountain. A series of three rows of anticline anticline belts formed near the Tianshan Mountains were formed. A series of North-South streams cross these anticlinal belts and developed a typical river geomorphic unit, which is characterized by the upward arch deformation of the anticline growth. The characteristics of tectonic activity (tectonic activity time, amplitude and rate) of the second and third row anticline anticline zone during the late Quaternary period are analyzed, but the understanding of the tectonic activity of the first row of the anticline anticline anticline zone (that is, the Piedmont anticline zone) in the late Quaternary is still unclear. In addition, the understanding of the problem of the formation mechanism of the river cutting and terrace formation It is still controversial, Tianshan is an ideal area to discuss this problem. The paper chooses four tree river mountains in the northern foot of the Tianshan Mountain as the research area (four tree rivers deep the tothis anticline in the western end of the foothill anticline zone), and takes the river geomorphology as the research object, based on the detailed field investigation, satellite image analysis, and terrace dating. The river geomorphic sequence of four trees before the tree and the river, further according to the characteristics of the position of the river order, analyses the tectonic activity of the tusthe anticline in the late Quaternary, discusses the mechanism of the lower cutting and terrace development of the four tree river rivers. The main understanding of the paper is as follows: (1) the main 5 level river terraces in front of the four tree rivers in the north foot of the Tianshan Mountain are from the old. T1, T2, T3, T4, T5., based on the Cosmogenetic nuclide exposure dating (CN), determine that the abandoned age of the T1 terrace is 77.27 + 6.92ka. through the light release year, T2 and T3 terrace is estimated to be 15.925 + 3.04ka, 14.98 + 1.62ka. (2) is based on the fan sector characteristics, morphology and distribution of the alluvial fan, and the alluvial fan of the four tree river mountains It is divided into three stages, from old to new, named F1, F2, F3, and the F1 alluvial fan is widely distributed in the front of the mountain because of severe late erosion, only sporadic distribution and Yamano, F2, F3 alluvial fan are widely distributed in the mountain. Based on the investigation of geomorphic relations, alluvial fans F1, F2, F3 are respectively corresponding to the terrace T1, T2, T5. (3) based on field measurement and digital elevation model analysis. The longitudinal section of T2, T3, T4 terrace in front of four tree rivers and mountains shows that the longitudinal section of the three terrace appears to be convergent to the downstream, that is, the gradient of terrace gradually decreases. Although the vertical section of terrace is above the totha anticline, the longitudinal section of these terrace does not have the characteristics of upwards arch deformation. Field geomorphological investigation It is also found that there is no structural deformation on the terrace, including the T1, and it is considered that the tussl anticline is inactive during the late Quaternary period, or its activity is not significant. The tectonic movement before the four tree river mountains has migrated to the basin direction and resulted in the development of the West Lake uplift at the most leading edge. (4) the height of the tug of tug in the terrace and the terrace In the terrace age, the cutting rate of the four tree river since the formation of the T3 terrace (since about 15ka) is about 6mmyr-1, and the river cutting rate between the T1 and the T2 terrace is about 1.14mmyr-1 (i.e., the period to 77-16ka). In a comprehensive view, the rate of the lower cutting rate of the four tree river mountains in the late Pleistocene to Holocene is obviously higher than that of the previous river cutting rate. (5) Based on the comparison of the terrace age and the paleoclimate records of the late Quaternary period in the Tianshan area, it is believed that the sedimentary and cutting processes of the late Quaternary period of the four tree river may be mainly controlled by climate, and the accumulation of rivers mainly occurs in the glacial period, while the river cut down mainly occurs in the climate transition stage of the glacial interglacial period, and the climate is relatively warm, moist and river flow. As the amount increases, the river erosion capacity is enhanced.

【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P931.1;P534.63

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