本文選題：時移差異性反演 + 巖石油藏參數(shù)　； 參考：《中國地質(zhì)大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：經(jīng)過幾十年的勘探,陸上的大型構造油氣藏都已基本被發(fā)現(xiàn)并進行了開發(fā)。近年來有很多老油田以現(xiàn)有的油氣田為基礎,對老油田進行二次勘探,期望通過研究油氣田不同時期的地震響應,直接表征儲層油藏性質(zhì)的變化。地震反演技術一直是地震響應與儲層參數(shù)之間最有效的橋梁,將地震反演技術應用到時移地震領域可以直接解決地震響應與油藏性質(zhì)變化之間的關系。目前時移地震反演多采用對時移前后的地震數(shù)據(jù)分別進行反演,通過兩次反演結果的差異得出儲層參數(shù)的變化信息。而時移差異性反演可以直接對時移數(shù)據(jù)差異進行反演并獲得儲層參數(shù)的變化信息,與常規(guī)方法相比有著明顯的計算效率優(yōu)勢,并可以簡化反演流程。本文從趙凹油田的時移數(shù)據(jù)出發(fā),主要開展對時移差異性AVO反演方法和時移差異性全波形反演方法的研究。重點解決以下幾個問題：1)實際工區(qū)中儲層的油藏參數(shù)與彈性參數(shù)的關系不明確,且時移地震資料的一致性較差,無法提供較準確的時移差異數(shù)據(jù)。2)目前的時移差異性AVO反演算法直接進行儲層油藏參數(shù)反演時,反演的穩(wěn)定性較差,反演的多解問題嚴重。3)全波形反演是近年來反演領域中獲得高精度速度模型的有效方法之一,但在時移差異性反演領域尚未得到運用。針對目前時移反演中存在的問題,本論文從巖芯的巖石物理實驗出發(fā),完善工區(qū)內(nèi)儲層巖石彈性參數(shù)隨油藏參數(shù)變化的規(guī)律,利用數(shù)值模擬對時移地震的波場特征進行討論,分析有效壓力及含水飽和度變化與地震響應差異之間的關系,建立儲層油藏參數(shù)與彈性參數(shù)之間的聯(lián)系,對時移AVO差異性反演中關鍵參數(shù)的敏感度進行討論,發(fā)展了時移差異性全波形反演算法,為實際數(shù)據(jù)的時移差異性反演提供了理論基礎。本文取得的主要成果有：1)對趙凹油田的典型巖芯進行巖石物理實驗,測試結果表明巖芯樣品的孔隙度對儲層的彈性參數(shù)變化規(guī)律影響很大,當儲層巖石的孔隙度大于15%時,水驅情況下的地震可檢測情況較為理想。2)通過正演模擬測試儲層參數(shù)變化對地震響應的影響,儲層厚度對波阻抗界面的地震響應影響較大,在薄互層模型中體現(xiàn)的尤為明顯,當薄互層模型的儲層等效厚度小于四分之一波長時,儲層內(nèi)部的波阻抗界面將無法識別；儲層含水飽和度的變化會影響儲層的彈性參數(shù),因此也對波阻抗界面的地震響應產(chǎn)生影響；儲層中的有效壓力變化引起的地震響應差異的變化規(guī)律不呈線性,當有效壓力小于20 MPa時振幅能量的相對變化較大3)通過對時移地震數(shù)據(jù)的分析,在保證兩期數(shù)據(jù)相對一致性的原則下,以最大限度地減少或消除由于非油藏因素引起的地震資料的不一致性,保留和突出油藏變化引起的差異為中心任務,完成對非重復性采集時移地震數(shù)據(jù)的一致性處理,為后續(xù)的時移差異性反演研究提供數(shù)據(jù)基礎。4)理論模型合成記錄的時移AVO差異性反演試算結果表明,在無噪聲條件下,采用阻尼最小二乘反演算法進行時移AVO差異性反演可以較為穩(wěn)定地反演出地層縱波速度、橫波速度和密度的時移相對變化以及儲層含水飽和度與有效壓力的變化。但該方法對仍受到Aki-Richards近似式的局限,地震數(shù)據(jù)的入射角范圍會對反演結果的準確性產(chǎn)生影響,當?shù)卣饠?shù)據(jù)的入射角范圍在0-30°內(nèi)時,反演結果的相對誤差隨著入射角度的增大而減小。同時,地震資料的信噪比也會影響時移AVO差異性反演結果的準確性,當?shù)卣鹳Y料的噪音強度超過7%會導致反演結果的相對誤差變大,導致反演穩(wěn)定性變差,且當?shù)叵聵嬙斓膹碗s程度越高,噪音引起的反演誤差越大。5)對Marmousi模型正演模擬記錄進行時移差異性全波形反演試算結果表明,該方法對前期資料采集、常規(guī)建模、反演參數(shù)設置等方面的要求較高。其中資料采集觀測系統(tǒng)將直接影響反演結果的分辨率和準確性,同時排列長度較長的觀測系統(tǒng)在反演迭代計算時收斂速度較慢；初始模型對反演結果的分辨率及精度將會產(chǎn)生嚴重的影響,且當反演初始模型的精度較低時,目標函數(shù)的迭代收斂速度明顯降低；多尺度反演采用的頻率組內(nèi)的頻率個數(shù)會直接影響反演的計算量,且增加反演的頻率數(shù)目可以有效提高差異性波形反演結果的分辨率和準確性；當反演數(shù)據(jù)中的包含豐富的低頻數(shù)據(jù)時,在重建異常波數(shù)域頻譜有效影響時,使其影響范圍變寬,反演數(shù)據(jù)中的低頻數(shù)據(jù)能使反演結果具有更好的保真度。本論文的創(chuàng)新之處主要表現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面：1)改善了時移AVO差異性反演的方法,建立反射系數(shù)差異與含水飽和度變化、有效壓力變化之間的非線性關系,利用Gardner公式約束反演過程以提高反演的穩(wěn)定性,并對反演參數(shù)的敏感度進行了量化分析。2)發(fā)展時移地震差異性全波形反演方法,設計并實現(xiàn)頻率域多尺度時移差異性全波形反演的反演關鍵框架流程,探討了時移差異性全波形反演參數(shù)與反演結果的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系,并實現(xiàn)了在復雜模型中的時移差異性反演試算。
[Abstract]:After several decades of exploration, the large tectonic oil and gas reservoirs on land have been basically discovered and developed. In recent years, many old oilfields are based on the existing oil and gas fields, and have carried out two exploration to the old oil fields. They are expected to directly characterize the reservoir properties by studying the seismic response of different periods of oil and gas fields. It has been the most effective bridge between seismic response and reservoir parameters. The application of seismic inversion technology to the domain of time-lapse seismic can directly solve the relationship between seismic response and the change of reservoir properties. At present, the seismic inversion of the time shift is mostly used to inverse the seismic data before and after the time shift, and the difference between the two inversion results is obtained. The time shift difference inversion can directly inverse the time shift data and obtain the change information of the reservoir parameters. Compared with the conventional method, it has obvious computational efficiency advantage and can simplify the inversion process. From the time shift of Zhao depression oil field, this paper mainly carries out the inversion of time shift difference AVO. The research on the method and the time shift difference full waveform inversion method mainly solves the following problems: 1) the relationship between the reservoir parameters and the elastic parameters of the reservoir is not clear, and the consistency of the time shift seismic data is poor, and the accurate time shift difference data.2 can not be provided. The present time shift difference AVO inversion algorithm is directly stored in the reservoir. When the reservoir parameters are retrieved, the stability of the inversion is poor, the inverse problem is serious.3). The full waveform inversion is one of the effective methods to obtain the high precision velocity model in the field of inversion in recent years. But it has not been used in the domain of time-lapse inversion. On the basis of the experiment, the variation of reservoir rock elastic parameters with reservoir parameters is perfected, the wave field characteristics of time-lapse earthquake are discussed by numerical simulation, the relationship between effective pressure and water saturation change and the difference of seismic response is analyzed, and the relation between reservoir parameters and elastic parameters is established, and the difference of time shift AVO is made. The sensitivity of the key parameters in the inversion is discussed, and the time shift difference full waveform inversion algorithm is developed to provide the theoretical basis for the time shift difference inversion of the actual data. The main achievements of this paper are as follows: 1) the rock physics experiments are carried out on the typical core of the Zhao depression oil field, and the test results show that the porosity of the core samples is to the reservoir. The variation law of elastic parameters has great influence. When the porosity of the reservoir rock is greater than 15%, the seismic detection in water flooding is more ideal.2). Through the forward modeling, the effect of reservoir parameters on the seismic response is tested. The reservoir thickness has a great effect on the seismic response of the wave impedance interface, especially in the thin interbed model. When the reservoir equivalent thickness of the thin interbed model is less than four minutes, the internal wave impedance interface in the reservoir can not be identified; the change of the reservoir water saturation will affect the elastic parameters of the reservoir, so it also affects the seismic response of the wave impedance interface; the variation of the seismic response caused by the effective pressure change in the reservoir is changed. The law is not linear. When the effective pressure is less than 20 MPa, the relative change of amplitude energy is 3). Through the analysis of the time shift seismic data, under the principle of guaranteeing the relative consistency of the two periods, it can reduce or eliminate the inconsistency of seismic data caused by non reservoir factors to the maximum extent, and retain and highlight the reservoir changes. The difference is the central task, complete the consistency of seismic data for non repetitive acquisition, and provide data base.4 for the subsequent time shift difference inversion research. The time shift AVO difference inversion test results of the theoretical model of the theoretical model show that the time shift AVO difference is carried out by the damping least square inversion algorithm under the condition of no noise. The inversion of the velocity of the formation, the relative change of the time shift of the velocity and density of the shear wave and the change of the reservoir water saturation and the effective pressure can be more stable, but the method is still limited by the Aki-Richards approximation. The incidence of the incident angle of the seismic data will affect the accuracy of the inversion result, when the seismic data is entered. When the angle range is within 0-30 degrees, the relative error of the inversion results decreases with the increase of the incidence angle. At the same time, the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic data also affects the accuracy of the result of the time shift AVO differential inversion. When the noise intensity of the seismic data exceeds 7%, the relative error of the inversion result becomes larger and the inversion stability becomes worse, and it is under the ground. The higher the complexity of the structure, the greater the error caused by the noise, the greater the inversion error.5). The test results of the time shift difference full waveform inversion of the Marmousi model forward simulation record show that the method has higher requirements for the previous data collection, the conventional modeling and the inversion parameter setting. The data acquisition and observation system will directly affect the inversion results. The resolution and accuracy of the observation system with long length are slower in the iterative calculation, and the initial model will have a serious influence on the resolution and accuracy of the inversion results. And the iterative convergence rate of the target function is obviously reduced when the initial model's precision is low, and the multi-scale inversion is used. The number of frequency within the frequency group will directly affect the calculation of the inversion, and the increase of the number of inversions can effectively improve the resolution and accuracy of the differential waveform inversion results. When the inversion data contains rich low frequency data, the influence range is widened and the inversion number is changed when the frequency spectrum of the anomalous wave number domain is rebuilt. The low frequency data in this paper can make the inversion result better. The innovation of this paper is mainly shown in the following two aspects: 1) improving the method of time shift AVO differential inversion, establishing the non linear relation between the difference of the reflection coefficient and the change of water saturation, the change of effective pressure, and using the Gardner formula to restrain the inversion process. In order to improve the stability of the inversion, and to quantify the sensitivity of the inversion parameters,.2) is used to develop the time-lapse seismic difference full waveform inversion method. The key frame flow of the multi scale time shift difference full waveform inversion is designed and realized, and the internal relation between the inverse parameters of the time shift difference and the inversion results is discussed. And the time lapse difference inversion calculation in complex model is realized.

【學位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：P631.4;P618.13

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