發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-17 02:00

  本文選題：薩斯喀徹溫　切入點(diǎn)：麋鹿點(diǎn)　出處：《中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：鉀肥是農(nóng)業(yè)氮磷鉀三大肥料之一,世界上約95%鉀鹽用作鉀肥。經(jīng)過多年的勘探工作,目前我國(guó)鉀鹽經(jīng)濟(jì)可采儲(chǔ)量已經(jīng)由幾年前的7000萬噸提升到了現(xiàn)在的1.4億噸。但作為世界鉀鹽主要的消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)之一,中國(guó)的鉀肥對(duì)外依存度依舊很大,仍需采取措施積極保障鉀肥供應(yīng)和價(jià)格長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定。世界鉀礦資源分布依舊相對(duì)集中,少數(shù)國(guó)家占有絕大多數(shù)的資源。加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省麋鹿點(diǎn)(Elk Point)盆地中的鉀鹽礦床是世界上最大的鉀鹽礦床,以規(guī)模大、礦層厚、品位高、有害雜質(zhì)少著稱。該鉀鹽礦床位于麋鹿點(diǎn)盆地中的薩斯喀徹溫次盆地。本文以加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省麋鹿點(diǎn)盆地內(nèi)鉀鹽礦床為研究對(duì)象,對(duì)中川國(guó)際礦業(yè)控股有限公司位于該盆地的‘中鉀’項(xiàng)目(KP488礦區(qū))的86.6km二維地震測(cè)線,96km2三維地震,7個(gè)鉆孔(鉆探總進(jìn)尺9722.7m)和1382件巖心化學(xué)分析樣進(jìn)行深入研究,結(jié)合筆者參與該項(xiàng)目八年的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)和大量周邊區(qū)域地質(zhì)資料,對(duì)該鉀鹽礦床構(gòu)造、成因、特征進(jìn)行總結(jié);通過將薩斯喀徹溫鉀鹽礦床成因與世界其他主要海相鉀鹽礦床比較,歸納海相鉀鹽成礦規(guī)律,為勘查海相鉀鹽提供參考;對(duì)鉀鹽礦床深部勘探提出優(yōu)化勘探方法;總結(jié)海外礦業(yè)開發(fā)需注意事項(xiàng),為我國(guó)資源礦業(yè)企業(yè)‘走出去’提供參考。麋鹿點(diǎn)盆地礦床特征研究顯示,多次海侵—海退旋回,多級(jí)海盆的構(gòu)造,欠補(bǔ)償?shù)牡暮Ｏ嗟嘏_(tái)型盆地構(gòu)造都是形成薩斯喀徹溫海相鉀鹽礦床的條件。而多次海侵—海退旋回和多級(jí)海盆形成于古赤道的地理位置變化和古氣候的周期變化密切有關(guān)。古地理和古氣候的變化促使在多級(jí)海盆中幾個(gè)次盆地沉積大量鹽堆積后,最后在幾種因素共同耦合下,鉀鹽在薩斯喀徹溫次盆地形成沉積。薩斯喀徹溫鉀鹽礦床是構(gòu)造、古地理、古氣候多種作用共同耦合的結(jié)果。區(qū)域上,盆地發(fā)展有兩個(gè)沉積-構(gòu)造階段,初始的被動(dòng)大陸邊緣(寒武紀(jì)至中侏羅紀(jì))階段,薩斯喀徹溫地區(qū)沉積了特征的底部碎屑單元、其上很厚的碳酸巖與蒸發(fā)巖。其后是聚合邊緣階段(中侏羅紀(jì)至始新世),形成前陸盆地,隆起的卡迪拉爾山系(Cordilleran Mountain Belt)提供了大量碎屑,形成厚的碎屑堆積。北美大陸以地盾—克拉通為中心,環(huán)帶狀分布顯生宙造山帶。加拿大地盾是北美大陸的核心,而在加拿大地盾外圍,北美中部地臺(tái)上形成了大平原,科羅拉多高原和哈德遜灣。地盾、地臺(tái)和基底一起構(gòu)成北美克拉通。薩斯喀徹溫省鉀鹽礦床是在穩(wěn)定的克拉通盆地上發(fā)育的海相蒸發(fā)巖礦床。其東北部為加拿大地盾,是極穩(wěn)定地質(zhì)構(gòu)造,西部為加拿大沉積盆地,泥盆紀(jì)時(shí)北美地臺(tái)開始下降,海面上升,海水自西北進(jìn)入麋鹿點(diǎn)盆地,海侵自西北向東南呈螺旋式發(fā)展,有多個(gè)海侵—海退旋回,經(jīng)過多級(jí)海盆的數(shù)次沉積和遷移,最終形成了巨型海相鉀鹽礦床。麋鹿點(diǎn)盆地周圍構(gòu)造都處于穩(wěn)定區(qū),而自盆地東北部進(jìn)入的海侵與幾個(gè)次級(jí)盆地的遷移運(yùn)動(dòng)為不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),其鉀鹽形成于構(gòu)造穩(wěn)定區(qū)中的相對(duì)不穩(wěn)定或亞穩(wěn)定區(qū)。世界海相鉀鹽形成的有利區(qū)域多為穩(wěn)定構(gòu)造中的相對(duì)活動(dòng)區(qū)盆地構(gòu)造。所以,海相鉀鹽形成的有利構(gòu)造為:在大的構(gòu)造穩(wěn)定區(qū)內(nèi),海相鉀鹽沉積容易形成于相對(duì)活動(dòng)的亞穩(wěn)定區(qū)中;而在大的構(gòu)造亞穩(wěn)定區(qū)內(nèi),海相鉀鹽沉積則容易形成在相對(duì)穩(wěn)定區(qū)中(基底為地核或原地臺(tái))。海相鉀鹽成因研究,對(duì)我國(guó)海相鉀鹽找礦有積極意義。通過對(duì)KP488礦區(qū)7個(gè)鉆孔地層層序的分析,與周圍區(qū)域地層層序?qū)Ρ?將薩斯喀徹溫次盆地中-上泥盆統(tǒng)劃分為四個(gè)成鹽旋回,鉀鹽僅分布于第一旋回的中泥盆統(tǒng)麋鹿點(diǎn)群中的“草原蒸發(fā)巖”組頂部約60m范圍內(nèi)。成鹽旋回的劃分可為海相鉀鹽找礦提供一些線索。薩斯喀徹溫省鉀鹽礦床中常出現(xiàn)鹽溶、塌陷、下覆Winnipegosis礁等異常構(gòu)造。通過地震和鉆井資料對(duì)比,根據(jù)塌陷影響范圍、厚度、結(jié)構(gòu)將鹽溶塌陷分為4級(jí),在鉀鹽勘探開發(fā)中可更清晰標(biāo)識(shí)異常區(qū)域。Winnipegosis礁大概率造成上覆草原蒸發(fā)巖層的減薄,但研究表明,鉀鹽層位于草原蒸發(fā)巖的上部,其形成和沉積形態(tài)受Winnipegosis礁上凸的影響較小。草原蒸發(fā)巖層的塌陷和溶蝕更多是受局部構(gòu)造變化和地下水溶蝕影響,Manitoba群Souris River組的Davidson蒸發(fā)巖在沉積序列中與草原蒸發(fā)巖靠近。Davidson石鹽層在鉀鹽勘探中可作為一個(gè)探礦標(biāo)志,幫助判斷該地區(qū)的是否有地下水及溶蝕情況,若Davidson石鹽層連續(xù)且完整,則可推測(cè)該區(qū)域的鉀鹽賦存情況良好,出現(xiàn)鹽溶的幾率較小。通過對(duì)KP488礦區(qū)地震物探資料、7個(gè)鉆孔的巖心化驗(yàn)分析、測(cè)井資料進(jìn)行分析研究,顯示該區(qū)域蘊(yùn)藏高品位鉀鹽層Paticence Lake和Belle Plaine。與薩斯喀徹溫省在產(chǎn)鉀礦比較,其礦石品質(zhì)相近,埋深更深,地層層序和沉積情況也薩斯喀徹溫省在產(chǎn)鉀礦相近,進(jìn)一步拓展了薩斯喀徹溫省鉀鹽沉積的埋藏范圍及賦存連續(xù)性。鹽類礦床勘查多以地表取樣和打鉆為主要手段,但對(duì)于埋藏深的海相鉀鹽礦床,這套方法找礦效率較低且成本高。由于地震技術(shù)和測(cè)井分析的技術(shù)進(jìn)步,本文提出深度鉀鹽礦床找礦方法:以二維、三維地震為主,鉆探為輔,同時(shí)對(duì)歷史鉆孔進(jìn)行測(cè)井,從而高效率低成本完成海相鉀鹽深部找礦工作。北美地質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)體系與中國(guó)不同,本文中概略歸納了北美地質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)體系,可與我國(guó)地質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)體系相比較,增強(qiáng)中外地質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)體系互通。本文作者參與“中鉀”項(xiàng)目八年的工作,從最初勘查到取得礦權(quán),再到勘探開發(fā)。對(duì)該項(xiàng)目第一手資料的掌握和研究,以及對(duì)加拿大薩斯喀徹溫省當(dāng)?shù)剽浀V成因、地質(zhì)、開發(fā)的資料的整理與研究,對(duì)礦藏產(chǎn)狀、塌陷特征、地震勘查等這些最新的資料的整理總結(jié),望能為我國(guó)鉀鹽勘查開發(fā)提供一些參考。通過剖析該項(xiàng)目及中資企業(yè)在海外鉀鹽投資開發(fā)的其他鉀鹽項(xiàng)目,總結(jié)優(yōu)勢(shì)和不足,探討在海外開發(fā)建設(shè)鉀礦的合理方式,使本文選題研究成果具有重要的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)意義,對(duì)中國(guó)企業(yè)建立海外鉀鹽基地,保障中國(guó)鉀鹽供給有參考利用價(jià)值。
[Abstract]:Potassium is one of the three major agricultural NPK fertilizer, potash potash for about 95% of the world. After years of exploration, China's potash economic recoverable reserves have a few years ago 70 million tons to 1.4 tons. But now as the world's major consumer market of potash, potash China external dependence the degree is still great, still need to take measures to actively protect the potash supply and price stability. The long-term distribution of world potash resources is still relatively concentrated in a few countries, occupies most of the resources. The Canadian province of Saskatchewan elk point (Elk Point) in the potash deposit basin the largest potash deposits in the world, with a large scale, seam thickness, grade high, less harmful impurities known. The potash deposit is located in Texas Kachewenci basin elk point basin. The Saskatchewan potash deposit in the elk point basin as the research on As for Zijin Mining Group Co. Ltd. is located in the basin of the 'k' project (KP488 mine) 86.6km two-dimensional seismic lines, 96km2 3D seismic, 7 boreholes (total drilling footage of 9722.7m) and 1382 core samples for chemical analysis in-depth study, combined with eight years working experience in the participation of the project a large number of peripheral and regional geological data, the formation of the potash deposit structure, this paper summarizes the features of; by comparing the Saskatchewan potash deposit formation and other major marine potash deposit, summarizes metallogenic regularity of marine potash exploration, to provide reference for marine potash; optimize exploration method for deep prospecting potash deposit; summarize the overseas mining development needs note, for China's mining enterprises' resources to provide the reference. The study "out of the feature point basin elk showed multiple transgressive regressive cycles, multi-stage basin structure, owe The platform type marine basin compensation are the formation of Saskatchewan potash deposits in the sea phase conditions. Closely related to periodic variation of multiple transgressive regressive cycles and multi-stage basin formed in the change of ancient equatorial location and paleo climate. Palaeogeographic and palaeoclimatic change prompted several times a lot of salt deposition basin in multistage accumulation after the last in the basin, coupled with several factors, the formation of potash deposits in the Texas Kachewenci basin. Saskatchewan potash deposit is tectonic paleogeography, paleoclimate various interaction coupling results. The region, there are two stages of tectonic sedimentary basin, the passive continental margin (initial Cambrian to Jurassic) stage, Saskatchewan sedimentary bottom clastic unit characteristic, the thick carbonate and evaporite. Followed by polymerization stage (in the edge of Jurassic to Eocene), shape A foreland basin, mountain uplift derar card (Cordilleran Mountain Belt) provides a lot of debris, forming thick debris. The North American continent to shield and craton as the center ring distribution of Phanerozoic orogenic belt. The Canadian Shield is the core of the North American continent, and in the Canadian Shield outside of North America formed on the central platform the Great Plains, Colorado plateau and Hudson Bay. The shield, platform and base together to form the North American craton. Saskatchewan potash deposit is marine evaporite deposit developed in craton basin. The northeast of the Canadian Shield, is extremely stable geological structure, the western Canada sedimentary basin, the North American platform began to decline the sea level rise, sea water, from the northwest into the elk point basin, transgression from the northwest to the southeast is the spiral development, there are a number of transgressive regressive cycles through the multi-stage Basin The deposition and migration of several times, and eventually formed a giant marine potash deposit. Around the structure of the elk point basin in the stable region, and the migration of self in the northeastern basin into several sub basins of transgression and is not stable, the potassium salt formed in the tectonic stability region is relatively unstable or metastable zone. The favorable regions of the world marine potassium salts are the relatively stable tectonic activity area structure. Therefore, favorable structure for the formation of marine potash in large area tectonically stable, sub stable region marine potash deposits formed in the relatively easy activities; in the large tectonic sub stable area, is easily formed in marine potash deposits the relatively stable region (base for core or protoplatform). Research on the causes of China's potash marine, marine potash prospecting has positive significance. Based on the analysis of the KP488 mine 7 borehole stratigraphic sequence, and the surrounding area Correlation of sequence stratigraphy, the Texas Kachewenci basin in the upper Devonian is divided into four cycles of salt, potassium salt is only distributed in the first cycle of the Middle Devonian elk point group in the "prairie evaporite group" at the top of the range of 60m. Approximately divided into salt cycle can provide some clues for marine potash prospecting. Saskatchewan potash deposits often appear in salt solution, collapse, the overlying Winnipegosis reef anomalous structure. By comparing the seismic and drilling data, according to the effect of subsidence range, thickness, the structure will collapse in salt solution is divided into 4 levels, can be more clearly identified abnormal regions of reef.Winnipegosis probability of overlying strata caused by grassland evaporation reduction thin in the exploration and development of sylvite, but research shows that potash evaporite upper layer is located in the grassland, its shape is affected by the formation and deposition of Winnipegosis reef convex small. Prairie evaporite strata collapse and erosion is more affected by local The structure change and groundwater dissolution effect, Davidson group Manitoba Souris group River evaporite rocks in sedimentary sequence and prairie evaporite near.Davidson halite layer can be used as a prospecting sign in potash exploration in the region, to help determine whether there is water and dissolved, if Davidson halite layer is continuous and complete, it is presumed that the occurrence of potash the area is good, appear less likely to salt. Based on KP488 mining seismic geophysical data, analysis of 7 drilling core test, analysis of well logging data, the display area contains the high grade potassium Paticence Lake and Belle Plaine. layer and Saskatchewan in the production of potassium ore, the ore quality similar to the depth of burial. Deep stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary conditions in Saskatchewan potash production is similar, to further expand the scope and buried Fu Cunlian Saskatchewan potash deposit Continued. Salt deposit exploration on surface sampling and drilling as the main means, but for the marine potash deposit buried deep ore prospecting, this method is of low efficiency and high cost. The analysis of seismic and logging technology progress, this depth of potash deposit prospecting method based on the two-dimensional, three-dimensional seismic. At the same time for logging drilling by historical drilling, high efficiency and low cost so as to complete the deep marine potash prospecting work. Different geological evaluation system of North America and Chinese, this paper briefly summarizes the geological evaluation system of North America, can be compared with the system of geological evaluation in China, strengthen interoperability geological evaluation system both at home and abroad. The author participates in "K" eight years of work, the acquisition of mining rights from the initial exploration, to the exploration and development. On the first hand data of the project control and research, as well as the Saskatchewan Canada when potassium ore genesis, Geology, arrangement and Research on the development of the information, the collapse characteristics of mineral exploration, earthquake occurrence, the latest data summary, hope to provide some reference for the exploration and development of our country. Through the analysis of the project, and Chinese enterprises in overseas investment in the development of the potash potash project, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages to explore the reasonable way of overseas development, in the construction of potash, so this topic research has important social and economic significance, the establishment of overseas potash base on China enterprises, security China potassium supply reference value in use.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：P619.211

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