本文關(guān)鍵詞： 探地雷達(dá) 遙感 考古鉆探 文化遺產(chǎn) 無損探測　出處：《中國科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國科學(xué)院遙感與數(shù)字地球研究所)》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：近年來,隨著空間信息技術(shù)的發(fā)展,空間考古學(xué)逐漸建立發(fā)展起來,文化遺址的無損探測是其重要的研究內(nèi)容。地球物理勘探、遙感(RS)、激光雷達(dá)(LiDAR)等無損探測技術(shù)被越來越多地應(yīng)用到文化遺址探測當(dāng)中,為考古探查提供了強(qiáng)有力的技術(shù)支持。由于能對地下考古目標(biāo)進(jìn)行連續(xù)、高分辨率的精細(xì)成像,探地雷達(dá)(Ground Penetrating Radar)可以很好地彌補(bǔ)遙感考古探測深度有限和空間分辨率不足的缺點(diǎn);反過來,遙感的廣闊視野可以為探地雷達(dá)考古探測提供靶區(qū)。因此將遙感和探地雷達(dá)相結(jié)合是文化遺址無損探測領(lǐng)域的重要發(fā)展趨勢。但是,遙感和探地雷達(dá)都無法提供地下土層、考古目標(biāo)體的直接信息,因此需要考古鉆探等直接探測方式提供最后驗(yàn)證。本文針對探地雷達(dá)地下考古目標(biāo)探測及其與遙感的聯(lián)合考古探測中的若干問題開展研究,主要研究內(nèi)容與結(jié)論包括:1.不同幾何特征的考古目標(biāo)體在探地雷達(dá)圖像上的響應(yīng)特征研究在模擬探測實(shí)驗(yàn)及實(shí)地考古探測中,選取了不同幾何特征的考古目標(biāo)作為探測對象,分析總結(jié)了不同幾何特征的考古目標(biāo)體在探地雷達(dá)圖像上的響應(yīng)規(guī)律,并從理論上給出了解釋。根據(jù)地下考古目標(biāo)體的幾何尺寸相對于探地雷達(dá)天線波束寬度的大小,可以將其分別看作點(diǎn)狀、線狀、面狀目標(biāo)體。如果考古目標(biāo)體的幾何尺寸遠(yuǎn)小于雷達(dá)天線波束寬度,則可將其看作點(diǎn)狀體,其典型異常反應(yīng)為雙曲線形;如果目標(biāo)體的幾何尺度遠(yuǎn)大于天線的波束寬度,則可以將其視為面狀體,其在雷達(dá)圖上經(jīng)常表現(xiàn)為層狀紋理,而面狀體兩側(cè)邊緣的異常則會表現(xiàn)為雙曲線的半支;如果相對于天線的波束寬度,目標(biāo)體的長軸尺度很大而短軸尺度較小或相當(dāng),則可將其看作線狀目標(biāo)體,線狀目標(biāo)體在雷達(dá)圖像上有時(shí)表現(xiàn)為雙曲線異常,有時(shí)則表現(xiàn)為一種整體性的層狀異常,其響應(yīng)模式是介于點(diǎn)狀體和面狀體的過渡形態(tài)。2.探索介質(zhì)含水量與考古目標(biāo)體埋深和材質(zhì)對探地雷達(dá)探測效果的影響。本文設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)施了考古目標(biāo)體模擬探測實(shí)驗(yàn),并選取了不同環(huán)境背景下的考古遺存作為探測研究區(qū),以此來檢驗(yàn)不同的考古目標(biāo)體埋深、材質(zhì)與介質(zhì)水含量對探地雷達(dá)探測效果的影響。結(jié)果表明:土壤水含量的增高會導(dǎo)致探地雷達(dá)探測深度的降低,同時(shí)會導(dǎo)致考古目標(biāo)體引起的雙曲線異常的離心率越小,即雙曲線的開口變小,尖峰更明顯;考古目標(biāo)體埋深越大,則其雙曲線異常的實(shí)軸越長,雙曲線的開口越大,尖峰越不明顯,極端情況下會是雙曲線異常趨于直線;雷達(dá)反射波的能量與考古目標(biāo)體和周圍介質(zhì)的相對介電常數(shù)的大小有關(guān),二者的相對介電常數(shù)差異越大,雷達(dá)反射波的能量就越強(qiáng),尤其是金屬考古目標(biāo)體,它通常會在探地雷達(dá)圖像上引起強(qiáng)烈的異常信號。3.遙感、探地雷達(dá)和傳統(tǒng)侵入性考古勘探聯(lián)合的考古調(diào)查模式采用了遙感、探地雷達(dá)和考古鉆探的聯(lián)合探測模式對龍城遺址進(jìn)行考古調(diào)查。實(shí)踐初步表明這種聯(lián)合探測模式能取得優(yōu)勢互補(bǔ)的效果,在大型城址的考古探測效果和效率上取得了很好的平衡。其工作模式如下:1)考古目標(biāo)體的遙感解譯、提取遙感的主要任務(wù)是探測出地下考古遺存的潛在區(qū)域,得到疑似考古遺存的空間分布圖,從而為探地雷達(dá)探測指定靶區(qū)。2)探地雷達(dá)探測根據(jù)疑似考古目標(biāo)體的空間展布、現(xiàn)場環(huán)境等設(shè)計(jì)探測方案,從探地雷達(dá)圖像中獲取地下目標(biāo)體的形狀、埋深、方位等信息,為考古鉆探的方案設(shè)計(jì)提供基礎(chǔ)。3)用探孔、探槽、探方等手段進(jìn)行最終驗(yàn)證針對探地雷達(dá)圖像上出現(xiàn)異常的地方進(jìn)行探孔、探槽、探方探測,獲取地下土樣,分析土樣的顏色、致密程度、包含物等特征,從而對遙感和探地雷達(dá)的探測結(jié)果進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the development of spatial information technology, space archaeology gradually establish development, cultural relics, nondestructive detection is an important research content. Geophysical prospecting, remote sensing (RS), laser radar (LiDAR) and other nondestructive detection technology is increasingly applied to the detection of cultural sites, providing strong technical support for the archaeological exploration. Due to underground remains continuous, fine high resolution, ground penetrating radar (Ground Penetrating Radar) can effectively compensate for the remote sensing archaeology limited probing depth and spatial resolution of the shortcomings; in turn, wide field of remote sensing can provide the target area for GPR detection. So the remote sensing archaeology and the combination of ground penetrating radar is an important developing trend of cultural relics in the field of nondestructive detection. However, remote sensing and GPR are unable to provide the underground soil layer, archaeological objects Direct information, so we need to provide the direct detection of archaeological drilling etc. finally verified. This paper discusses several issues of GPR detection and remote sensing archaeology and joint archaeological exploration research, the main research contents and conclusions are as follows: 1. different archaeological object geometric features in the study on the response characteristics of radar images in the simulation experiment and field archaeological exploration, selecting the different geometric characteristics of the target detection as archaeological object, analyzed and summarized the archaeological object in different geometric features in the response of radar image, and the theoretical explanation is given. According to the geometry of underground archaeological objects relative to the ground penetrating radar antenna beam width the size can be regarded respectively as point like, linear, planar target. If the target size is much smaller than the archaeological radar antenna beam width And it can be regarded as the typical punctate, abnormal reaction for hyperbolic geometry; if the target scale is far greater than the antenna beam width, it can be regarded as the planar body, the radar map is often shown as layered texture, and abnormal edges on both sides of the body surface shape will be expressed as the hyperbolic half; if compared with the antenna beam width, target of the long axis and short axis large scale to small scale or equivalent, it can be regarded as linear object, linear target on the radar images sometimes expressed as hyperbolic abnormalities, sometimes manifested as layered abnormal a holistic, the response mode transition the morphology of.2. between the body and the body surface point to explore the influence of medium moisture and archaeological objects and depth of material on the ground penetrating radar detection effect. This paper designs and implements the archaeological object modeling detection experiments, and selected different ring Background of archaeological remains as the exploration area, in order to test the archaeological object in different depth. The effect of material and water content of GPR detection results. The results show that the increase of soil water content could induce a decrease of GPR detection depth, at the same time will lead to the target body caused by centrifugal hyperbolic archaeology the abnormal rate is small, the hyperbolic opening becomes smaller, the peak is more obvious; the archaeological objects of the greater depth, the hyperbolic abnormal real axis is longer, the greater the hyperbolic opening, the peak is not obvious, in extreme cases will be double the abnormal curve is linear; relative dielectric constant energy and archaeology the object and the surrounding medium reflected wave is related to the size of the two, the relative dielectric constant of the greater the difference, reflected wave energy is stronger, especially metal archaeological targets, it is usually in the GPR image cited The abnormal signal.3. strong remote sensing, ground penetrating radar and traditional invasive archaeological exploration combined with archaeological survey mode adopts remote sensing probe, combined detection mode of radar and the archaeological survey of archaeological drilling sites. The practice indicated that this city will have a combined detection mode complementary effect, in the large cities of archaeological exploration the effect and efficiency of good balance. The following work: 1) remote sensing archaeological objects, from the main task of remote sensing is to detect potential areas of underground archaeological remains, get the spatial distribution map of suspected archaeological remains, and ground penetrating radar target detection based on the specified.2) space the distribution of archaeological objects suspected of GPR, on-site environmental design detection scheme from the probe gets the object under the radar image of the shape, depth, range and other information, for archaeological drilling Provide the basis for.3 design) by drilling, trenching, exploration party means the final verification for the GPR image on the abnormal place of hole, trench, the detection, acquisition of underground soil, analysis of soil color, dense degree, inclusion and other characteristics, so as to detect remote sensing and GPR results are verified.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)院大學(xué)(中國科學(xué)院遙感與數(shù)字地球研究所)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K854;TP79;P631.3

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