本文關(guān)鍵詞： 塘沽地區(qū) 泥質(zhì)白云巖 裂縫成因 控制因素 地質(zhì)建模 裂縫模型　出處：《中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：塘沽地區(qū)的沙河街組三段下部發(fā)現(xiàn)一套泥質(zhì)白云巖和白云巖組合的裂縫性儲(chǔ)層,其內(nèi)受到構(gòu)造作用形成復(fù)雜的斷塊,孔縫作為其主要的滲流、儲(chǔ)集空間,具有重要的研究意義。此油藏屬于非常規(guī)類儲(chǔ)層,且埋藏較深,達(dá)到3500m左右。分析研究區(qū)的可采儲(chǔ)量,認(rèn)為達(dá)到經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)要求,然而這類儲(chǔ)層對(duì)于勘探而言是個(gè)重大挑戰(zhàn)。從基本巖石礦物含量到儲(chǔ)層沉積、裂縫、油藏類型及特征,湖相白云巖同以往研究的海相白云巖相比,各個(gè)方面均存在差異性,對(duì)基礎(chǔ)地質(zhì)到開(kāi)發(fā)開(kāi)采的各方面研究都是一種新的嘗試,需要新的理論及思路進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)。對(duì)于泥質(zhì)白云巖儲(chǔ)層中各巖石礦物的組成復(fù)雜,裂縫測(cè)井響應(yīng)模式精度不足,區(qū)域內(nèi)裂縫成因、分布特征和控制分布的缺乏準(zhǔn)確的認(rèn)識(shí),本文基于區(qū)域構(gòu)造分析、地層沉積、巖心、常規(guī)/特殊測(cè)井、實(shí)驗(yàn)分析、試油/生產(chǎn)等資料,以精細(xì)描述裂縫空間分布為目標(biāo),從裂縫識(shí)別和特征參數(shù)描述兩大根本內(nèi)容入手,對(duì)裂縫主要特征及控制因素進(jìn)行解析,并建立三維化儲(chǔ)層裂縫模型,主要包括六部分：區(qū)域構(gòu)造演化、裂縫發(fā)育特征與測(cè)井評(píng)價(jià)、裂縫成因及成縫主控因素、物性與含油性評(píng)價(jià)、建立裂縫控制因素三維約束體、儲(chǔ)層裂縫三維化地質(zhì)建模。區(qū)域構(gòu)造演化分析。研究重在基于地震剖面解釋下分析塘沽凸起的沙三段地層構(gòu)造演化。整個(gè)沙三段的的演化概括為三幕斷裂活動(dòng)、一幕反轉(zhuǎn)隆升和二期廣泛暴露剝蝕的過(guò)程。最早的沙三5亞段沉積時(shí)期,區(qū)域主要的斷層相互作用,在整個(gè)研究區(qū)的中部區(qū)域產(chǎn)生一個(gè)地壘構(gòu)造；地壘構(gòu)造的西北方向形成了一個(gè)半地塹的構(gòu)造。隨后在沙三4亞段沉積時(shí)期,區(qū)域內(nèi)的主要活動(dòng)斷層-塘北斷裂活動(dòng)由強(qiáng)變?nèi)�。通過(guò)地震剖面可以識(shí)別出多個(gè)似花狀構(gòu)造,其周圍多見(jiàn)密集的次級(jí)斷裂,這些對(duì)于區(qū)域內(nèi)白云巖儲(chǔ)層的裂縫產(chǎn)生有積極的意義。其上部沉積的沙一段時(shí)期,區(qū)域斷裂方向指示應(yīng)力場(chǎng)發(fā)生重大變化,方向由左旋轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛倚Ｕ麄�(gè)研究區(qū)此地層沉積厚度較薄,主要分布在西北部,部分地層出現(xiàn)不整合接觸。沙河街組上部的東營(yíng)組,在研究區(qū)大部分與下部地層接觸關(guān)系為角度不整合接觸,研究區(qū)中間地震剖面見(jiàn)明顯的同相軸削截現(xiàn)象,不難看出此區(qū)域內(nèi)由早期的地層沉降中心→反轉(zhuǎn)隆升→長(zhǎng)期暴露剝蝕的過(guò)程。沙二段的地層在研究區(qū)全部缺失,其上的沙一段沉積厚度薄,東營(yíng)組地層與底面角度不整合接觸。裂縫發(fā)育特征與測(cè)井評(píng)價(jià)。研究重在通過(guò)多方面資料識(shí)別研究區(qū)的裂縫發(fā)育特征及利用測(cè)井響應(yīng)模型計(jì)算裂縫發(fā)育。從裂縫特征參數(shù)角度統(tǒng)計(jì),取心段裂縫傾角形態(tài)主要為高角度斜交(44.03%)和垂直(43.88%)；裂縫開(kāi)度大部分小于1mm(84.32%),且多為網(wǎng)狀微裂縫(開(kāi)度小于100～150μm)；裂縫長(zhǎng)度多分布于0～10cm(67.05%)；裂縫填充物主要為未充填(35.68%,主要為裂縫閉合)、方沸石及瀝青質(zhì)充填(31.65%)。常規(guī)/特殊測(cè)井對(duì)裂縫的響應(yīng),可能表現(xiàn)為AC增加、DEN降低、CAL異常變大或者變小,也可受到一些非裂縫的因素影響：巖性變化面、溶蝕孔隙、沉積團(tuán)塊等。所以需建立適合本區(qū)的裂縫測(cè)井解釋模型。首先通過(guò)篩選各巖性的裂縫與相應(yīng)的測(cè)井曲線敏感程度,最終確定常規(guī)測(cè)井曲線聲波時(shí)差、密度、井徑、聲波時(shí)差/密度、聲波時(shí)差/自然伽馬,依據(jù)巖心中觀察的數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)制作各自巖性的裂縫發(fā)育程度的測(cè)井曲線蜘蛛網(wǎng)圖,描述裂縫發(fā)育的特征,利用多元統(tǒng)計(jì)分析由裂縫線密度值、5種測(cè)井及組合參數(shù)組成的矩陣,求解儲(chǔ)層裂縫測(cè)井響應(yīng)的數(shù)學(xué)模型。保留部分巖心觀察的數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)驗(yàn)證建立的數(shù)學(xué)模型,最終得到71.43%的識(shí)別準(zhǔn)確率,認(rèn)為此模型可靠。裂縫成因與成縫主控因素。觀察、分析取心井塘12C的巖心段裂縫的特征,按照裂縫的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)的不同,對(duì)成因進(jìn)行分類,發(fā)現(xiàn)研究區(qū)以構(gòu)造縫為主,層理縫、溶蝕縫比例較少,滲流能力依次減弱。根據(jù)方沸石、瀝青質(zhì)充填情況以及溶蝕發(fā)育情況,認(rèn)為研究區(qū)共發(fā)育四期裂縫：平行層面的層理縫；傾角45°的共軛斜交縫、傾角60°的高角度斜交縫；傾角75°-90°的高角度/垂直張性裂縫;傾角70°-85°的高角度/垂直縫。對(duì)于成縫控制因素,從巖性、構(gòu)造、成巖、超壓方面分析。認(rèn)為上述因素均對(duì)裂縫有控制作用,而斷裂和應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的作用尤為明顯。各因素具體表現(xiàn)：巖性方面,在構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)較弱的區(qū)域,巖性對(duì)裂縫分布有控制作用,裂縫發(fā)育程度隨白云石、方沸石含量的升高而增大；構(gòu)造方面,地應(yīng)力集中的區(qū)域,斷層延伸方向改變處、結(jié)束端,以及多條斷層拼合、交錯(cuò)的斷塊等區(qū)域,裂縫比較發(fā)育；成巖方面,破裂和溶蝕為研究區(qū)控制裂縫的主要成巖作用；超壓與裂縫發(fā)育程度呈正相關(guān)性。物性及含油性評(píng)價(jià)。對(duì)于復(fù)雜的泥質(zhì)白云巖儲(chǔ)層,物性模型尤其重要,是建立裂縫模型的基礎(chǔ),如何考慮多方面因素對(duì)模型的影響,建立適合本區(qū)、精度達(dá)標(biāo)的模型顯得尤為重要。由于白云巖儲(chǔ)層中孔滲相互關(guān)系比較復(fù)雜,受泥質(zhì)含量、裂縫影響不能忽視,所以決定按照基質(zhì)、裂縫、總體的三部分,分別建立孔隙度、滲透率、含油飽和度的模型�？紫抖饶Ｐ椭谢|(zhì)部分的求取,采用以三孔隙度計(jì)算模型為基礎(chǔ),通過(guò)確定不同巖性的泥質(zhì)含量和巖石骨架參數(shù),最終于實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試結(jié)果擬合修正,建立基質(zhì)孔隙度的模型。裂縫部分的孔隙度采用雙側(cè)向電阻模型,通過(guò)巖心測(cè)量獲取裂縫面孔率代替實(shí)驗(yàn)測(cè)試的裂縫孔隙度,擬合修正建立裂縫孔隙度模型。滲透率模型中基質(zhì)部分的求取,利用譚延棟經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,以實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)修正,裂縫部分的滲透率采取經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式。含油飽和度的基質(zhì)模型,通過(guò)對(duì)比經(jīng)典的阿爾奇公式和考慮泥質(zhì)、裂縫影響因素的并聯(lián)模型,選取跟實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果吻合的前者進(jìn)行計(jì)算。通過(guò)計(jì)算研究區(qū)的孔隙度、滲透率和含油飽和度,認(rèn)為塘沽地區(qū)沙河街三段下部的泥質(zhì)白云巖儲(chǔ)層孔隙度值主體范圍為7%-18%,滲透率均值多低于1mD,主要為中-低孔,特低滲儲(chǔ)層,巖性與含油性具有相關(guān)性,白云巖含油飽和度相對(duì)最高(45.61%),其次為泥質(zhì)白云巖(33.81%)。建立裂縫控制因素三維約束體。建立裂縫模型時(shí)需要考慮如何把控制裂縫分布的地質(zhì)因素作為約束條件,不能僅僅通過(guò)數(shù)學(xué)模型計(jì)算裂縫。本次研究先利用各個(gè)層面的構(gòu)造起伏計(jì)算相應(yīng)最大曲率面,并在還原本區(qū)裂縫產(chǎn)生期構(gòu)造的地質(zhì)模型基礎(chǔ)上,利用Ansys有限元軟件對(duì)古應(yīng)力場(chǎng)進(jìn)行模擬,計(jì)算裂縫發(fā)育時(shí)期的應(yīng)力值。依據(jù)計(jì)算結(jié)果,計(jì)算巖石破裂值和能量值,綜合考慮多個(gè)裂縫屬性參數(shù),將其與巖心觀察的裂縫線密度進(jìn)行多元回歸關(guān)系擬合標(biāo)定,建立一個(gè)適合本區(qū)的裂縫體預(yù)測(cè)模型,對(duì)整個(gè)研究區(qū)進(jìn)行裂縫分布預(yù)測(cè)。建立的裂縫體預(yù)測(cè)模型,不同于單井的巖心、測(cè)井資料,在井間未知區(qū)域利用地質(zhì)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法插值,而是綜合了巖性、構(gòu)造等因素的體數(shù)據(jù),并通過(guò)巖心、測(cè)井校正,具有高可信度,可以作為下一步儲(chǔ)層裂縫建模的約束體存在。儲(chǔ)層裂縫三維化地質(zhì)建模。在資料綜合處理、巖相綜合研究、物性含油性模型以及大量人工制圖分析的基礎(chǔ)上,建立塘沽地區(qū)沙三5亞段泥質(zhì)白云巖儲(chǔ)層裂縫地質(zhì)模型,其中包括構(gòu)造、巖性、物性、凈毛比、原始含油飽和度和裂縫分布等六個(gè)三維定量化模型。巖性建模采用巖性趨勢(shì)面約束的序貫指示模擬的方法；孔隙度建模主要采用了巖石物理相單元控制的方法。該種多級(jí)次的地質(zhì)建模方法使得巖性、孔隙度和滲透率模型分布更加合理,準(zhǔn)確程度提高。凈毛比模型利用研究?jī)?chǔ)層物性下限：孔隙度≥6.6%、滲透率≥12.5×10-3μm2。裂縫采用DFN隨機(jī)裂縫模型,通過(guò)輸入統(tǒng)計(jì)得到的裂縫特征參數(shù)及裂縫建模約束體控制,保證了其符合地質(zhì)認(rèn)識(shí)。儲(chǔ)量計(jì)算結(jié)果顯示：塘沽地區(qū)地質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量的模擬結(jié)果與實(shí)際地質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量相當(dāng),建立的地質(zhì)模型可靠。根據(jù)以上六部分的研究,分析了研究區(qū)構(gòu)造演化特征,建立了研究區(qū)泥質(zhì)白云巖致密儲(chǔ)層的裂縫評(píng)價(jià)、物性及含油性評(píng)價(jià)的測(cè)井模型,分析了裂縫成因及成縫主控因素,建立了多種控制因素三維約束體下精細(xì)的儲(chǔ)層裂縫模型,認(rèn)為本區(qū)裂縫發(fā)育優(yōu)勢(shì)區(qū)主要集中在距離中部斷壘近的2組近NW和NE向斷裂交叉地帶,油氣勘探中應(yīng)綜合研究尋找上述裂縫發(fā)育區(qū)與高壓地層配合的“甜點(diǎn)”區(qū)。
[Abstract]:Tanggu District Shahe Street Group three part found a set of argillaceous dolomite and dolomite combination of fractured reservoir, the formation of fault block tectonics is complex, the slot as its main seepage, reservoir space, and has important significance. This reservoir belongs to the unconventional reservoir. And deeply buried up to about 3500m. The study area of recoverable reserves, that meet the requirement of economic development. However, this kind of reservoir for exploration is a major challenge. The cracks from the basic rock mineral contents to reservoir sedimentation, reservoir types and characteristics, compared with the previous study of lacustrine dolomite facies white dolomite, various aspects. There are differences on the basis of geological research exploitation in all aspects is a new attempt, need theory and new ideas for guidance. For the composition of the rock mineral mud dolomite reservoir in complex fracture test Well response model of low accuracy, area of crack formation, distribution and control of distribution of the lack of accurate knowledge, based on the analysis of regional tectonic, sedimentary, core, conventional / special logging, experimental analysis, test oil / production data, the distribution of fine description of fracture space for the purpose of describing the two fundamental contents from crack identification and analysis of the characteristic parameters of the main features of cracks and control factors, and establish the three-dimensional reservoir model, mainly includes six parts: regional tectonic evolution, fracture characteristics and log evaluation, crack formation and crack controlling factors, physical property and oil bearing evaluation, establish crack control factors of three-dimensional constraint body, reservoir 3D geological modeling. The analysis of tectonic evolution. The study focuses on three strata tectonic evolution of Tanggu uplift seismic interpretation under the sand. The sand based on the three section of the evolution Summary for the three act fault activity, a reverse uplifting and two wide exposure erosion process. The earliest sand three 5 submember sedimentary period, the main fault zone, the interaction of the central region in the study area have a Horst structure; Northwest Horst formed 1.5 tectonic graben. Then in the deposition period of the three 4 sub section of sand, the main activities within the area of fault - Tangbei fault activity from strong to weak. The seismic section can identify multiple flower like structure around the common faults in the area of dense, the dolomite reservoir cracks are of positive significance. The upper part of the sand deposition period, regional fault direction stress field change, the direction of change from sinistral dextral. The whole study area here is thin layer deposition thickness, mainly distributed in the northwest part of formation is not the whole joint Dongying Shahe Street group. Touch the upper part of the group, in most of the research area and the lower strata contact relations for angular unconformity, the study area between seismic events see obvious truncation phenomenon, is not difficult to see in this area by the early formation of subsidence center, reverse uplifting, long-term exposure and erosion process. Sand two the strata in the study area are missing, the sand on the sedimentary thickness, Dongying formation and the bottom surface of angular unconformity. Fracture characteristics and log evaluation. The research focuses on the fracture development characteristics of various aspects of recognition in the study area and the logging response model to calculate the fracture development. Statistics from the crack parameters coring section angle, fracture dip configuration was mainly high angle oblique (44.03%) and vertical (43.88%); most of the crack opening is less than 1mm (84.32%), and many micro cracks (mesh opening is less than 100~150 m); crack Slot length distributed in 0 ~ 10cm (67.05%); the main filler for filling cracks (35.68%, mainly for the crack closure), analcime and bitumen filling (31.65%). The routine / special logging on the fracture response may be manifested as AC increased, DEN decreased, CAL anomaly becomes smaller or larger. Can also be affected by some non fracture factors: lithology, porosity, mass deposition. So need to establish suitable for fracture logging interpretation model. Firstly, by screening each crack and the corresponding lithologic logging curve sensitivity, and ultimately determine the conventional logging curve sonic, density, hole diameter, acoustic time / / sonic density, natural gamma logging curve, according to their respective lithology making Yan Xinzhong spider diagram crack observation data point of the degree of development, describe the characteristics of fracture development, using multivariate statistical analysis by the line density, 5 kinds of logging and Matrix parameters the mathematical model for solving the reservoir logging response. Keep mathematical models of core observation data points to verify the establishment, finally obtained 71.43% recognition accuracy, that this model is reliable. The causes of cracks and crack controlling factors. Analysis of the characteristics of the coring observation, Tang 12C core fracture the cracks, according to the different stress state, the classification of causes, the research area mainly by structural fracture bedding fractures, karst seam less proportion, seepage ability weakened. According to Fang Feishi, asphaltene and filling karst, that the study area has developed four stages: crack layer parallel bedding fractures; conjugate oblique angle of 45 degrees seam, high angle oblique angle of 60 DEG seam; high angle / angle of 75 degrees -90 degrees vertical tension crack; high angle / vertical angle of 70 DEG -85 DEG seam. For crack control factors from lithology, Structure, diagenesis, analysis of overpressure. That the above factors have effect on crack, fracture and stress field effect is particularly obvious. The factors of the specific performance: lithology, tectonic movement in the area of weak, lithologic control effect on fracture distribution, fracture development degree with the increase of analcime dolomite. The increasing of the content; the construction aspect, the stress concentrated area, fault extending direction change at the end, and a plurality of fault elements, staggered fault block area, fractures; diagenesis, diagenesis fracture and dissolution as the research area of crack control; overpressure is positively correlated with the degree of development crack evaluation. Property and oil content. The argillaceous dolomite reservoir complex, physical model is especially important, is the foundation of crack model, how to consider the influence of various factors on the model, the establishment of this area, precision The standard model is very important. Because the dolomite reservoir porosity and permeability relationship is more complex, the shale content, the cracks cannot be ignored, so the decision in accordance with the matrix crack, the three part of the overall, established porosity, permeability, oil saturation model. Calculate the matrix porosity model, used for on the basis of three porosity calculation model, by determining the shale content of different lithology and rock skeleton parameters, the final test results in fitting correction, establish matrix porosity model. Crack porosity using dual laterolog resistance model for fracture porosity crack face test rate instead of through the core measurement, fitting and correction to establish fracture porosity model calculate the matrix permeability model. The use of the Tan Yandong formula, the experimental data correction, part of the permeability to crack Formula. Matrix model of oil saturation, by contrast to the classical Archie formula and considering the mud, the influence factors of crack parallel model, selected with experimental results. The former is calculated by studying the calculation of porosity, permeability and oil saturation, that Tanggu area three Shahe Street section of the lower part of the argillaceous dolomite reservoir porosity the main value is in the range of 7%-18%, the mean permeability below 1mD, mainly for low porosity, low permeability reservoir, lithology has correlation with the oil-bearing dolomite oil saturation is relatively high (45.61%), followed by argillaceous dolomite (33.81%). The establishment of crack control factors of 3D constrained crack model establishment. Need to consider how to control the crack distribution of geological factors as constraints, not just through the mathematical model for calculating the crack. This study first constructed using all levels of ups and downs to calculate the Large curvature surface, basic geological model and produce tectonic fractures in the area in the reduction on the stress field was simulated by using the finite element software Ansys on the ancient stage, calculating the crack stress value. According to the calculation results, the calculated value and energy value of rock rupture, considering multiple fracture parameters, with the the observation of core fracture linear density calibration multivariate regression fitting, establish a suitable area of the body crack prediction model for prediction of fracture distribution of the studied area. Prediction model of crack model is established, different from the single well core, logging data between wells in the unknown region using geostatistical interpolation method, but a comprehensive the lithology, data structure and other factors, and through the core, log correction, which has high reliability, can exist as a constraint reservoir modeling step. Reservoir fracture three-dimensional geological modeling. In the comprehensive data Combined treatment, comprehensive study of lithofacies, physical properties analysis model and drawing a lot of artificial oil, the establishment of Tanggu area three 5 sand sub section of argillaceous dolomite reservoir geological model, including the structure, lithology, physical property, net to gross, original oil saturation and crack distribution of six dimensional quantitative model methods. Lithology modeling using sequential indicator simulation lithology trend surface constraint; porosity modeling method was used to control the petrophysical facies unit. Geological modeling method of the multilevel model makes the lithology, porosity and permeability distribution is more reasonable, improve the accuracy of the research. The reservoir porosity lower limit model using the net to gross more than 6.6%, the permeability is greater than or equal to 12.5 * 10-3 m2. crack by DFN random crack model, fracture parameters and fracture modeling constrained control body obtained by the input statistics, which accord with the Geological knowledge. Reserves calculation results show that the simulation results of the Tanggu area geological reserves and actual geological reserves, geological model is established and reliable. Based on the above six parts of the study, the analysis of the characteristics of tectonic evolution, a fracture evaluation study area argillaceous dolomite reservoir, logging evaluation model of physical property and water oily, analysis of cracks and crack controlling factors, establish various control factors under three-dimensional constraint fine reservoir model, considers the advantage of development in this area is mainly concentrated in the central region of crack distance off base near 2 group near NW and NE faults cross areas, should be comprehensive study for the development of cracks with high pressure formation with the "dessert" area of oil and gas exploration.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：P618.13

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