【摘要】：我國太陽能輻射的高值區(qū)域主要分布在甘肅、青海和內(nèi)蒙古等干旱半干旱的荒漠化地區(qū),國家首批太陽能熱發(fā)電示范項目80%也集中于上述地區(qū)。太陽能熱發(fā)電作為新興的清潔能源發(fā)電技術(shù)極具發(fā)展前景,節(jié)能減排效益顯著,但是太陽能熱發(fā)電系統(tǒng)在其生命周期內(nèi)的資源能源消耗和環(huán)境排放情況有待評估,因此,本文以全生命周期評價的視角,對北方荒漠區(qū)太陽能熱發(fā)電的環(huán)境效應進行了系統(tǒng)評估。本文以北方荒漠區(qū)的某50MW槽式太陽能熱發(fā)電站為研究對象,根據(jù)該太陽能熱發(fā)電站的實際情況,對其生命周期內(nèi)的主要階段進行了劃分,通過太陽能熱發(fā)電生命周期評價體系的運用,以實例論證了太陽能熱發(fā)電技術(shù)在北方荒漠區(qū)具有顯著的節(jié)能減排效益:以300MW的燃煤火力發(fā)電廠作為對照,測算出該北方荒漠區(qū)的50MW槽式太陽能熱發(fā)電站,在生命周期(20年)內(nèi),累計可發(fā)出2320.54GWh無任何排放的清潔電力,同時可節(jié)省燃煤927875.25噸標煤,二氧化碳的減排量達233.85萬噸,二氧化硫的減排量達1.91萬噸,氮氧化物的減排量達1.19萬噸,一氧化碳的減排量達264.39噸,粉塵的減排量達4.64萬噸,共為當?shù)貏?chuàng)造環(huán)境價值約5.84億元。通過篩選識別了太陽能熱發(fā)電站生命周期內(nèi)能源和環(huán)境效應較大的階段,同燃煤火電、光伏、風電三種主流發(fā)電技術(shù)的環(huán)境效應進行了比較,在綜合考慮不同交通運輸距離和太陽輻射強度對系統(tǒng)環(huán)境效應的影響下,進行了太陽能熱發(fā)電站建設(shè)選址的擇優(yōu)分析。分析結(jié)果表明,反射鏡支架的生產(chǎn)制造過程是造成太陽能熱發(fā)電系統(tǒng)能源消耗和環(huán)境影響的重要環(huán)節(jié),該階段可作為未來太陽能熱發(fā)電產(chǎn)業(yè)工藝改進和節(jié)能優(yōu)化的重點。太陽能熱發(fā)電能源和環(huán)境效應遠低于傳統(tǒng)燃煤火電,假設(shè)用太陽能熱發(fā)電替代2015年中國的火力發(fā)電裝機容量,將減少大量的煤炭消耗(2.13×109噸標煤),同時對環(huán)境的改善效果明顯。與風力發(fā)電和光伏發(fā)電對比,太陽能熱發(fā)電具有輸出電力穩(wěn)定、可采用物理儲能技術(shù)和可靈活參與電力調(diào)峰的優(yōu)勢,可以有效緩解"棄風棄光"問題。另外,對于太陽能熱發(fā)電的發(fā)電成本高于風力發(fā)電和光伏發(fā)電的劣勢,隨著國產(chǎn)裝備制造工藝技術(shù)的成熟,相關(guān)行業(yè)經(jīng)驗的日漸豐富,其發(fā)電成本將逐步降低,可以預見,在不久的將來太陽能熱發(fā)電將成為一種廉價、清潔而且極具競爭力的能源技術(shù)。最后,相較于太陽輻射強度,交通運輸距離對環(huán)境效應的影響程度微乎其微。綜合分析得出,太陽輻射富集地區(qū)如內(nèi)蒙古西部、青海東北部和甘肅西部等荒漠化地區(qū)可以作為建設(shè)選址的最佳區(qū)域。
[Abstract]:The high value areas of solar radiation in China are mainly distributed in arid and semi-arid desertification areas such as Gansu, Qinghai and Inner Mongolia, and 80% of the first national solar thermal power demonstration projects are also concentrated in the above areas. Solar thermal power generation, as a new clean energy power generation technology, has a great development prospect, and the benefit of energy saving and emission reduction is remarkable. However, the resource energy consumption and environmental emissions of solar thermal power generation system in its life cycle need to be evaluated. In this paper, the environmental effects of solar thermal power generation in northern desert areas are systematically evaluated from the perspective of life cycle assessment. In this paper, a 50MW trough solar thermal power station in the northern desert area is taken as the research object. According to the actual situation of the solar thermal power station, the main stages in its life cycle are divided. Through the application of solar thermal power generation life cycle evaluation system, this paper demonstrates that solar thermal power generation technology has significant energy saving and emission reduction benefits in the northern desert area with examples: compared with 300MW coal-fired thermal power plant, It is estimated that the 50MW trough solar thermal power station in the northern desert area can emit clean power without any emissions of 2320.54GWh in the life cycle (20 years), and save 927875.25 tons of coal standard coal. The emission reduction of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and dust is 2.3385 million tons, 19100 tons, 11900 tons, 264.39 tons and 46400 tons, respectively. A total of about 584 million yuan was created for the local environment. Through screening and identifying the stage of large energy and environmental effects in the life cycle of solar thermal power station, the environmental effects of three mainstream power generation technologies, coal-fired thermal power station, photovoltaic power and wind power, are compared. Considering the influence of different transportation distance and solar radiation intensity on the environmental effect of the system, the optimal site selection analysis of solar thermal power station construction is carried out. The analysis results show that the manufacturing process of mirror support is an important part of energy consumption and environmental impact of solar thermal power generation system, and this stage can be used as the focus of process improvement and energy saving optimization of solar thermal power generation industry in the future. The energy and environmental effects of solar thermal power generation are much lower than those of traditional coal-fired thermal power generation. Assuming that solar thermal power generation replaces the installed capacity of thermal power generation in China in 2015, it will reduce a large amount of coal consumption (2.13 脳 109 tons of standard coal). At the same time, the improvement effect of the environment is obvious. Compared with wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation, solar thermal power generation has the advantages of stable output power, physical energy storage technology and flexible participation in power peak shaving, which can effectively alleviate the problem of "abandoning wind and abandoning light". In addition, the cost of solar thermal power generation is higher than that of wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation. With the maturity of domestic equipment manufacturing technology and the increasing experience of related industries, the power generation cost will be gradually reduced, which can be predicted. Solar thermal power generation will become a cheap, clean and competitive energy technology in the near future. Finally, compared with the solar radiation intensity, the transportation distance has little effect on the environmental effect. The comprehensive analysis shows that the desertification areas such as western Inner Mongolia, northeast Qinghai and western Gansu can be used as the best construction sites.
【學位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TM615

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