【摘要】：自然災(zāi)害是在人類生存的自然環(huán)境中發(fā)生的特殊現(xiàn)象,它們的發(fā)生往往會(huì)危害到國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和人民群眾的生命財(cái)產(chǎn)安全,甚至導(dǎo)致社會(huì)秩序混亂。重大自然災(zāi)害是難以預(yù)測(cè)、破壞力更強(qiáng)、影響波及范圍更廣的自然災(zāi)害,一旦發(fā)生將會(huì)對(duì)正常的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)生活秩序造成重大影響,且會(huì)造成重大人員傷亡和財(cái)產(chǎn)損失。我國(guó)是世界上自然災(zāi)害類型最多、發(fā)生最頻繁、災(zāi)害損失最嚴(yán)重的少數(shù)幾個(gè)國(guó)家之一,每年因?yàn)?zāi)害造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失占國(guó)家當(dāng)年財(cái)政收入的比例較大。近幾年,應(yīng)急物資保障體系在我國(guó)初步建成,而應(yīng)急物資分配問(wèn)題也得到一定程度的重視。應(yīng)急物資分配優(yōu)化是救災(zāi)工作的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),物資能否高效、快速地配送到災(zāi)區(qū)需求點(diǎn)關(guān)系到救災(zāi)工作是否能順利開(kāi)展。因此本文基于重大自然災(zāi)害的應(yīng)急物資分配優(yōu)化研究有著重要的理論和應(yīng)用意義。 本文首先對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了綜述,運(yùn)用管理運(yùn)籌學(xué)的相關(guān)理論和方法,以重大自然災(zāi)害成因、特點(diǎn)等為基礎(chǔ),以災(zāi)害發(fā)生后應(yīng)急物資需求與供應(yīng)特征分析為研究前提,將重大自然災(zāi)害救援工作中的應(yīng)急物資分配問(wèn)題作為主要研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)強(qiáng)時(shí)效性和公益性的原則,首先考慮應(yīng)急物資運(yùn)輸車輛運(yùn)力限制、路網(wǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)變化等情況建立應(yīng)急物資動(dòng)態(tài)分配模型,其次考慮災(zāi)害中可能遭受損壞的路網(wǎng)的修復(fù)問(wèn)題納入應(yīng)急物資分配的統(tǒng)一優(yōu)化決策當(dāng)中,即在應(yīng)急物資分配過(guò)程中考慮將一部分應(yīng)急物資用于路網(wǎng)中損毀路段的修復(fù)中,建立應(yīng)急物資分配雙層規(guī)劃模型。最后根據(jù)算法設(shè)置的步驟求解,運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)仿真軟件對(duì)算例進(jìn)行分析,得到最優(yōu)的物資分配方案,并給出應(yīng)急物資分配優(yōu)化問(wèn)題的方法。 我國(guó)應(yīng)急管理水平與美國(guó)、日本等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家仍有一定差距,應(yīng)急物資分配工作仍以經(jīng)驗(yàn)決策為主,本文的研究將有助于提高應(yīng)急物資分配問(wèn)題的科學(xué)決策水平,為災(zāi)害救援機(jī)構(gòu)的決策者提供決策依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Natural disasters are a special phenomenon occurring in the natural environment of human existence. Their occurrence often endangers the development of the national economy and the safety of the people's lives and property, and even leads to the chaos of the social order. The major natural disaster is a kind of natural disaster which is difficult to predict, has more destructive power, and affects a wider range. Once it occurs, it will have a significant impact on the normal social order of production and life, and will cause heavy casualties and property losses. China is one of the few countries with the most natural disasters, the most frequent occurrence and the most serious disaster losses in the world. The economic losses caused by disasters account for a large proportion of the national financial revenue in that year. In recent years, the emergency material support system has been initially established in China, and the problem of emergency material distribution has been paid attention to a certain extent. The distribution optimization of emergency materials is a key link in the disaster relief work. Whether the materials can be delivered efficiently and quickly to the demand point of the disaster area is related to whether the relief work can be carried out smoothly. Therefore, the study of emergency material distribution optimization based on major natural disasters has important theoretical and practical significance. In this paper, the current situation of research at home and abroad is first summarized. Based on the relevant theories and methods of management operations research, the causes and characteristics of major natural disasters are taken as the basis, and the analysis of the demand and supply characteristics of emergency materials after disasters is taken as the premise of the research. Taking the distribution of emergency materials in major natural disaster relief work as the main research object, according to the principles of strong timeliness and public welfare, the first consideration is the limitation of the transportation capacity of emergency materials and vehicles. The dynamic distribution model of emergency materials is established under the condition of dynamic change of road network. Secondly, the restoration of road network which may be damaged in disaster is taken into account in the unified optimization decision of emergency material distribution. In the process of emergency material distribution, a part of emergency material is considered to be used in the repair of damaged road sections in the road network, and a bilevel programming model of emergency material distribution is established. Finally, according to the steps of algorithm setting, the computer simulation software is used to analyze the example, and the optimal material distribution scheme is obtained, and the method of emergency material distribution optimization is given. The level of emergency management in China is still far from that of the developed countries such as the United States and Japan, and the distribution of emergency materials is still mainly based on empirical decision making. The research in this paper will help to improve the scientific decision-making level of emergency material distribution. To provide decision-making basis for decision-makers of disaster relief organizations.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南交通大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：X43;U492

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本文編號(hào)：2258023