【摘要】：我國(guó)煤層瓦斯賦存以“三高一低”(高應(yīng)力、高瓦斯壓力、高瓦斯含量及低滲透性)為主要特征,煤儲(chǔ)層構(gòu)造復(fù)雜,煤層存在許多強(qiáng)烈變形,受載煤體的三向應(yīng)力受到煤層賦存情況、煤層傾角等地質(zhì)條件,以及構(gòu)造運(yùn)動(dòng)等力學(xué)擾動(dòng)的影響而有明顯差別,所處的應(yīng)力條件一般為三向不等壓狀態(tài)。另外,瓦斯抽采、煤層開(kāi)挖等采動(dòng)行為也會(huì)使應(yīng)力重新分布導(dǎo)致局部應(yīng)力集中,其應(yīng)力環(huán)境同樣為三向不等壓狀態(tài),即真三軸應(yīng)力狀態(tài)(最大主應(yīng)力σ_1中間主應(yīng)力σ_2最小主應(yīng)力σ_3)。與此同時(shí),由于我國(guó)成煤歷史過(guò)程的不均勻性、煤體本身構(gòu)造、孔隙裂隙發(fā)育和變形程度的不同,很大程度上影響著煤體強(qiáng)度和力學(xué)變形特征,致使煤層不同層理方向上裂隙擴(kuò)展特征和滲透率演化有明顯差別。因此,開(kāi)展真三軸條件下不同層理構(gòu)造(垂直、平行和斜交層理)受載煤體滲流特性的研究迫在眉睫。本文采用理論分析、實(shí)驗(yàn)研究、模擬研究和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用相結(jié)合的研究方法,從細(xì)觀微觀角度分析煤體受載前后裂隙微觀結(jié)構(gòu)及不同層理煤樣受力前后形態(tài)特性的差異,開(kāi)展真三軸載荷含層理煤體的滲透率實(shí)驗(yàn)研究,構(gòu)建真三軸條件下滲流特性與最大主應(yīng)力、中間主應(yīng)力、最小主應(yīng)力、有效應(yīng)力、不同層理構(gòu)造之間的定性與定量關(guān)系,建立考慮Klinkenberg效應(yīng)、瓦斯壓力壓縮變形、吸附膨脹和有效應(yīng)力影響的真三軸載荷煤體滲透率動(dòng)態(tài)演化模型及煤巖損傷與滲流耦合模型,并進(jìn)行煤巖損傷與滲流特性的數(shù)值模擬及現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用,研究成果對(duì)優(yōu)化瓦斯抽采設(shè)計(jì)具有重要的指導(dǎo)意義。本文的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容如下:首先,從細(xì)觀微觀角度分析獲得了煤體受載前后裂隙微觀結(jié)構(gòu)及不同層理煤樣受力前后形態(tài)特性的差異。通過(guò)壓汞和工業(yè)分析測(cè)試,得到實(shí)驗(yàn)煤樣的基本物性參數(shù),如:煤樣的孔隙率、比表面積、孔容、水分、灰分、揮發(fā)分、極限吸附常數(shù)a/b等,基本物性參數(shù)獲得為后續(xù)的試驗(yàn)和模擬研究奠定了基礎(chǔ)。采用掃描電鏡對(duì)受載前后煤體進(jìn)行微米級(jí)的測(cè)試可知,煤樣受載后其致密結(jié)構(gòu)遭到破壞,有大量裂隙生成,原始的孔洞也進(jìn)一步連通,明顯觀察到大量剪切裂隙。利用高分辨率透射電鏡對(duì)煤體受載前后的內(nèi)部微觀結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行測(cè)試可知,煤體受到載荷破壞后孔隙、裂隙紋數(shù)明顯增多,這有利于裂紋的發(fā)育、擴(kuò)展和貫通,最終使煤體的滲透率明顯增大。其次,利用TAW-2000 KN電液伺服巖石壓力機(jī)對(duì)不同層理煤樣進(jìn)行單軸壓縮實(shí)驗(yàn)可知,垂直層理煤樣的單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度、彈性模量最大,泊松比最小;斜交層理煤樣的單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度、彈性模量最小,泊松比最大;平行層理的單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度、彈性模量和泊松比均介于垂直層理和斜交層理之間。采用SH-II聲發(fā)射系統(tǒng)對(duì)試驗(yàn)過(guò)程中的聲發(fā)射信號(hào)進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)可知,垂直、平行和斜交層理煤樣在200s、130s和100s時(shí)有明顯的聲發(fā)射信號(hào)突變,垂直、平行和斜交層理煤樣聲發(fā)射突變點(diǎn)分別為峰值應(yīng)力的60%、41%和33%左右。根據(jù)真三軸受載煤體滲流特性試驗(yàn)結(jié)果,垂直、平行和斜交層理煤樣加載初期的滲透率為0.0181、0.1352、0.0822m D,垂直層理煤樣加載初期的滲透率僅為平行層理、斜交層理的13.5%、22.2%;垂直、平行和斜交層理煤樣在加載末期的滲透率分別為0.00384、0.00635、0.00739m D,其滲透率分別降低了78.9%、95.3%、90.9%。不同層理煤樣的滲透率與最大主應(yīng)力σ_1、中間主應(yīng)力σ_2、最小主應(yīng)力σ_3和有效應(yīng)力均呈指數(shù)函數(shù)關(guān)系,k=a+bexp??-c(σ_i)??(i=1/2/3/e),隨著應(yīng)力的增加滲透率逐漸降低,垂直層理煤樣在最大主應(yīng)力σ_1、中間主應(yīng)力σ_2和最小主應(yīng)力σ_3加載階段滲透率的降低幅度分別為74.1%、16.9%、9.0%;平行層理煤樣在最大主應(yīng)力σ_1、中間主應(yīng)力σ_2和最小主應(yīng)力σ_3加載階段滲透率的降低幅度分別為58.8%、27.8%、13.4%;斜交層理煤樣在最大主應(yīng)力σ_1、中間主應(yīng)力σ_2和最小主應(yīng)力σ_3加載階段滲透率的降低幅度分別為67.4%、21.3%、11.3%。在恒定中間主應(yīng)力σ_2和最小主應(yīng)力σ_3條件下,加載最大主應(yīng)力σ_1直至煤樣破壞,不同層理煤樣變形破壞過(guò)程均表現(xiàn)為應(yīng)力加載初期滲透率急劇下降,隨著應(yīng)力的不斷增加滲透率下降速度明顯變緩,但不同層理煤樣由壓縮向擴(kuò)容過(guò)渡的邊界有明顯差別,垂直、平行和斜交層理煤樣C-D邊界對(duì)應(yīng)的最大主應(yīng)力分別為25、22、19MPa。根據(jù)不同層理煤樣裂隙演化及滲流特性的模擬結(jié)果,垂直、平行和斜交層理煤樣在加載的初始階段,均隨著應(yīng)力的不斷加載而被逐漸壓密,原始孔隙和層理裂隙面不斷閉合,尤其以層理裂隙面附近的壓密效果最明顯。當(dāng)最大主應(yīng)力分別加載到28、24、22MPa時(shí),不同層理煤樣原始的孔隙裂隙、層理裂隙面和新萌生的裂隙進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展,局部區(qū)域出現(xiàn)貫通,煤樣逐漸進(jìn)入失穩(wěn)破壞階段,垂直、平行和斜交層理煤樣均以剪切破壞為主,但由于不同層理煤樣預(yù)制層理面的不同導(dǎo)致裂隙演化最終形態(tài)有一定差別。聲發(fā)射圖中垂直層理煤樣的抗壓、抗拉破壞主要出現(xiàn)在預(yù)制層理裂隙面附近,在煤樣經(jīng)歷壓密階段、彈性階段直到煤樣破壞的塑性階段,聲發(fā)射信號(hào)逐漸增加,且聲發(fā)射信號(hào)主要在層理裂隙面的兩端和周圍增加,但平行層理煤樣此階段沒(méi)有明顯的抗壓破壞;斜交層理煤樣的3條預(yù)制層理中間1條的破壞最明顯,聲發(fā)射信號(hào)在這條層理裂隙面上的分布也最多,斜交層理煤樣失穩(wěn)破壞的模擬結(jié)果與試驗(yàn)結(jié)果基本吻合。不同層理煤樣的氣體滲流壓力場(chǎng)均隨著應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的變化而變化,在應(yīng)力加載的初期,煤樣中氣體呈現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定均勻的滲流,煤樣中氣體滲流壓力場(chǎng)梯度曲線接近于平行直線,隨著應(yīng)力的加載煤樣出現(xiàn)零星的裂紋,在裂紋出現(xiàn)的地方氣體滲流壓力場(chǎng)梯度曲線發(fā)生明顯變化,氣體滲流壓力場(chǎng)隨著裂隙的變化而不斷變化,呈凹凸不平的波浪狀分布,煤樣出現(xiàn)明顯破壞時(shí),其氣體滲流壓力場(chǎng)變化更加明顯,尤其是出現(xiàn)新裂隙的區(qū)域。在考慮煤體受到載荷后的變形主要由瓦斯吸附膨脹變形和瓦斯壓力壓縮變形組成的基礎(chǔ)上,建立了載荷煤體的孔隙率動(dòng)態(tài)演化模型;在分析真三軸受載煤體損傷變形的過(guò)程中存在三種變形機(jī)制的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合建立的孔隙率動(dòng)態(tài)演化模型,得到基于孔隙率動(dòng)態(tài)變化特征的有效應(yīng)力公式;根據(jù)煤體滲透率和孔隙率立方關(guān)系,建立了真三軸載荷煤樣的滲透率動(dòng)態(tài)演化模型。最后,根據(jù)本煤層順層鉆孔瓦斯抽采的滲流特性,考慮Klinkenberg效應(yīng)、瓦斯壓力壓縮變形、吸附膨脹和有效應(yīng)力的影響,建立了抽采鉆孔周圍煤體的流固耦合模型并在某礦29031工作面進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用,在抽采鉆孔附近,考慮Klinkenberg效應(yīng)與未考慮Klinkenberg效應(yīng)相比,考慮Klinkenberg效應(yīng)影響的瓦斯壓力下降更快,而距離抽采鉆孔越遠(yuǎn),Klinkenberg效應(yīng)的影響越小。在抽采時(shí)間一定的條件下,抽采負(fù)壓對(duì)煤層瓦斯壓力的下降影響不明顯,抽采負(fù)壓與有效抽采半徑之間滿足冪函數(shù)關(guān)系:y=3.05x~(0.011),相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.95,結(jié)合29031工作面的實(shí)際情況,確定29031工作面順層鉆孔合理的抽采負(fù)壓為15k Pa。抽采鉆孔間距對(duì)煤層瓦斯壓力的下降和抽采效果影響明顯,考慮現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的復(fù)雜性和不均衡性,需要增加30%的安全余量,結(jié)合29031工作面的實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)應(yīng)用,確定該工作面抽采180d后鉆孔間距為6m時(shí),瓦斯壓力下降幅度及范圍最大,同時(shí)有效的避免了“空白帶”和抽采的無(wú)效疊加。根據(jù)模擬成果在某礦29031工作面布置順層鉆孔抽采180d后,抽采瓦斯純量由7.16m~3/min下降到3.58m~3/min,抽采效果十分明顯。進(jìn)一步分析順層鉆孔與層理面夾角對(duì)瓦斯抽采效果的影響可知,順層鉆孔與層理面夾角對(duì)瓦斯抽采效果的影響比較明顯,斜交鉆孔的瓦斯抽采效果明顯好于平行鉆孔,這與真三軸載荷含層理煤體滲流特性的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果基本吻合。因此,在煤層瓦斯抽采鉆孔布置時(shí)應(yīng)盡量使鉆孔方向與層理面垂直,以期達(dá)到最佳的瓦斯抽采效果。本文的研究成果不僅對(duì)優(yōu)化瓦斯抽采設(shè)計(jì)、防治煤與瓦斯突出、減少因瓦斯排放引起的“溫室效應(yīng)”具有重要的實(shí)際價(jià)值,而且對(duì)煤礦的安全高效生產(chǎn)具有重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。
[Abstract]:Coal seam gas occurrence in China is characterized by "three high and one low" (high stress, high gas pressure, high gas content and low permeability). Coal reservoir structure is complex, coal seam has many strong deformation. The three-dimensional stress of coal seam is affected by coal seam occurrence, coal seam dip angle and mechanical disturbance such as tectonic movement. In addition, the stress redistribution will also lead to local stress concentration, and the stress environment is also three-dimensional unequal pressure state, that is, true triaxial stress state (maximum principal stress__1 intermediate principal stress__2 minimum principal stress__3). At the same time, because of the inhomogeneity of coal-forming history, the structure of coal body, the development of pore and fracture and the degree of deformation, the strength and mechanical deformation characteristics of coal body are affected to a great extent, and the fracture propagation characteristics and permeability evolution in different bedding directions are obviously different. It is imminent to study the seepage characteristics of coal body loaded with the same bedding structure (vertical, parallel and oblique bedding). In this paper, theoretical analysis, experimental research, simulation research and field application are combined to analyze the micro-structure of coal body before and after loading and the difference of morphological characteristics of different bedding coal samples before and after loading from the micro-view. Experimental study on permeability of bedded coal body under true triaxial load is carried out. The qualitative and quantitative relationships between seepage characteristics and maximum principal stress, intermediate principal stress, minimum principal stress, effective stress, and different bedding structures are constructed under true triaxial load. The dynamic evolution model of coal permeability under true triaxial load and the coupling model of coal-rock damage and seepage flow are studied. The numerical simulation and field application of coal-rock damage and seepage characteristics are carried out. The research results have important guiding significance for optimizing the design of gas extraction. The main contents of this paper are as follows: Firstly, it is obtained from microscopic analysis. Through mercury intrusion test and industrial analysis test, the basic physical parameters of coal samples were obtained, such as porosity, specific surface area, pore volume, moisture, ash, volatile matter, limiting adsorption constant a/b and so on. The results show that the dense structure of coal sample is destroyed, a large number of cracks are formed, the original voids are further connected, and a large number of shear cracks are observed. The results show that the number of pores and crack lines increases obviously after the coal body is damaged by load, which is beneficial to the development, propagation and penetration of cracks, and ultimately makes the permeability of coal body increase significantly. Secondly, the uniaxial compression test of different bedded coal samples by using TAW-2000 KN electro-hydraulic servo rock press shows that the single-axial compression test of vertical bedded coal samples. Axial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity is the largest, Poisson's ratio is the smallest; uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity is the smallest, Poisson's ratio is the largest; uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio of parallel bedding are between vertical bedding and oblique bedding. The results show that there are obvious abrupt changes of AE signals in vertical, parallel and oblique bedded coal samples at 200s, 130s and 100s. The abrupt change points of AE signals in vertical, parallel and oblique bedded coal samples are about 60%, 41% and 33% of peak stress respectively. Permeability is 0.0181,0.1352,0.0822 mD, the permeability of vertical bedding coal sample is only parallel bedding at the initial loading stage, and that of oblique bedding coal sample is 13.5%, 22.2%; the permeability of vertical, parallel and oblique bedding coal sample is 0.00384,0.00635,0.00739 mD at the end of loading stage, the permeability is reduced by 78.9%, 95.3% and 90.9% respectively. The maximum principal stress__1, the intermediate principal stress__2, the minimum principal stress__3 and the effective stress all have exponential functions, k = a + bexp?-c (__i)?(i = 1/2/3/e). With the increase of stress, the permeability decreases gradually, and the permeability decreases in the maximum principal stress__1, the intermediate principal stress__2 and the minimum principal stress__3 loading stages, respectively. The permeability of parallel bedded coal samples decreased by 58.8%, 27.8% and 13.4% in the loading stages of maximum principal stress__1, intermediate principal stress__2 and minimum principal stress__3, respectively; and that of oblique bedded coal samples decreased by 67.4% and 2% in the loading stages of maximum principal stress__1, intermediate principal stress__2 and minimum principal stress__3, respectively. Under the condition of constant intermediate principal stress__2 and minimum principal stress__3, the maximum principal stress__1 was loaded until the failure of coal samples. The deformation and failure process of different bedded coal samples showed that the permeability decreased sharply at the initial stage of stress loading, and the permeability decreased slowly with the increase of stress, but the compression direction of different bedded coal samples was changed. The maximum principal stresses corresponding to C-D boundaries of vertical, parallel and oblique bedded coal samples are 25,22,19 MPa, respectively. According to the simulation results of fracture evolution and seepage characteristics of different bedded coal samples, the vertical, parallel and oblique bedded coal samples are gradually compacted with the continuous loading of stress at the initial stage of loading. When the maximum principal stress is applied to 28,24,22 MPa, the original pore fissures, the bedding fissures and the newly sprouted fissures of different bedded coal samples expand further, the local area appears to be connected, and the coal samples gradually enter the instability failure stage. The ultimate shape of fracture evolution is different because of the different prefabricated bedding planes of different bedding coal samples. The compressive and tensile failure of vertical bedding coal samples in AE maps mainly occur near prefabricated bedding fracture planes, and the coal samples undergo compaction and elastic stages. Until the plastic stage of failure of coal sample, acoustic emission signal increases gradually, and acoustic emission signal increases mainly at both ends and around the bedding fracture surface, but parallel bedding coal sample has no obvious compressive failure at this stage; the damage of one of the three prefabricated bedding of oblique bedding coal sample is most obvious, and acoustic emission signal is on this bedding fracture surface. The pressure field of gas seepage in different bedded coal samples varies with the stress field. At the initial stage of stress loading, gas seepage appears stable and uniform, and the gradient curve of gas seepage pressure field in coal samples is close to parallel straight line. The gradient curve of gas seepage pressure field changes obviously when the crack occurs. The gas seepage pressure field changes continuously with the crack change, and the distribution of gas seepage pressure field is uneven and wavy. When the coal sample is obviously destroyed, the change of gas seepage pressure field is more obvious, especially when the crack occurs. A dynamic evolution model of porosity of loaded coal body is established on the basis of considering that the deformation of coal body after loading is mainly composed of gas adsorption expansion deformation and gas pressure compression deformation. According to the dynamic evolution model of porosity, the effective stress formula based on the dynamic variation characteristics of porosity is obtained; according to the cubic relationship between permeability and porosity of coal, the dynamic evolution model of permeability of true triaxial load coal sample is established. Finally, according to the seepage characteristics of gas drainage along seam boreholes, the Klinkenberg effect and gas pressure are considered. Compression deformation, adsorption expansion and effective force influence, the fluid-solid coupling model of coal around the drainage borehole is established and applied in 29031 working face of a mine. In the vicinity of the drainage borehole, considering the Klinkenberg effect is faster than not considering the Klinkenberg effect, and considering the influence of the Klinkenberg effect, the gas pressure decreases faster, while the distance drainage. The farther the drilling hole is, the less the influence of Klinkenberg effect is. Under the condition of a certain extraction time, the negative pressure has no obvious influence on the decrease of gas pressure in coal seam, and the relationship between the negative pressure and the effective extraction radius satisfies power function: y = 3.05x ~ (0.011), the correlation coefficient is 0.95. Combining with the actual situation of 29031 working face, the smoothness of 29031 working face is determined. Reasonable negative pressure of drainage is 15kPa. The interval of drainage boreholes has obvious influence on the decrease of coal seam gas pressure and the effect of drainage. Considering the complexity and imbalance of the site, it is necessary to increase 30% of the safety margin. Combining with the actual situation of 29031 working face, it is determined that when the interval of boreholes is 6m after 180 days of drainage, the gas will be increased. According to the simulation results, after 180 days of layered borehole drainage in 29031 working face of a mine, the gas extraction purity decreased from 7.16 m~3/min to 3.58 m~3/min, and the drainage effect was very obvious. Further analysis of the angle between bedding borehole and bedding plane was carried out. The influence of the angle between bedding borehole and bedding surface on gas drainage effect is obvious. The gas drainage effect of oblique borehole is obviously better than that of parallel borehole, which is basically consistent with the experimental results of seepage characteristics of coal body with bedding under true triaxial load. The research results of this paper not only have important practical value for optimizing gas extraction design, preventing coal and gas outburst, reducing greenhouse effect caused by gas emission, but also have important practical significance for safe and efficient production of coal mine.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TD712.6

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