【摘要】：煤與瓦斯突出是在井工開采煤礦生產(chǎn)過程中發(fā)生的一種極其復(fù)雜的動(dòng)力現(xiàn)象。隨著開采水平向深部延深,地應(yīng)力和瓦斯壓力增大、瓦斯含量增高,煤層透氣性差,導(dǎo)致煤與瓦斯突出動(dòng)力災(zāi)害日益嚴(yán)重和復(fù)雜,一些無(wú)煤與瓦斯突出危險(xiǎn)性的礦井升級(jí)為突出礦井。為了有效預(yù)防和控制突出事故的發(fā)生,保障礦井安全生產(chǎn),世界各主要產(chǎn)煤國(guó)家均投入了大量的人力、物力對(duì)煤與瓦斯突出進(jìn)行了研究,以便為突出事故的預(yù)測(cè)和控制提供理論和技術(shù)依據(jù)。目前對(duì)于突出發(fā)生的機(jī)理以及突出過程中煤巖體破壞與發(fā)展機(jī)制的認(rèn)識(shí)還停留在假說階段,只能對(duì)突出過程中及突出發(fā)生后的一些現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行解釋,還沒能形成一套完整的理論體系。由于煤與瓦斯突出事故的破壞性、突發(fā)性和特殊性,這就使準(zhǔn)確監(jiān)測(cè)并獲取事故發(fā)生過程中的一系列參數(shù)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn),也阻礙了科研工作的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。本文利用自主研發(fā)的大尺寸煤與瓦斯突出相似模擬裝置對(duì)煤與瓦斯突出模擬試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究,對(duì)突出過程的各項(xiàng)物理參數(shù)進(jìn)行測(cè)試;通過FLAC3D數(shù)值模擬軟件模擬了大淑村礦煤樣的突出試驗(yàn)過程中頂板應(yīng)力變化規(guī)律,并通過煤與瓦斯突出的煤體損傷演化模型對(duì)突出過程中的煤;通過FLAC3D數(shù)值模擬軟件,研究了工作面煤體采動(dòng)應(yīng)力的時(shí)空演化規(guī)律,并據(jù)此分析應(yīng)力對(duì)突出的影響;通過開展煤體吸附瓦斯應(yīng)變測(cè)試試驗(yàn)研究了孔隙氣體對(duì)煤體的蝕損破壞作用,并據(jù)此分析瓦斯對(duì)突出的影響;最后通過所得到的結(jié)論對(duì)真實(shí)突出案例進(jìn)行分析。本文取得了以下主要成果:(1)總結(jié)了國(guó)內(nèi)外目前存在的各類突出模擬裝置及突出模擬試驗(yàn)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn),并此基礎(chǔ)上,研發(fā)出一套“大尺寸煤與瓦斯突出模擬試驗(yàn)裝置”。所研制的“大尺寸煤與瓦斯突出模擬試驗(yàn)裝置”可以裝填1t重的煤巖模型,注入100L左右的壓力氣體,能夠較大程度真實(shí)地模擬在井下發(fā)生的突出現(xiàn)象。試驗(yàn)可以模擬不同成型壓力、不同載荷大小、不同應(yīng)力分布規(guī)律、不同瓦斯壓力、不同頂?shù)装鍘r層結(jié)構(gòu)條件下的突出情況。(2)通過自主研發(fā)的大尺寸煤與瓦斯突出相似模擬裝置開展大淑村煤礦2#煤層及振興二礦2#煤層煤樣的煤與瓦斯突出相似模擬試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示:在吸附穩(wěn)定瓦斯壓力分別為0.3MPa與0.6MPa條件下,突出煤巖樣重量分別為369.9Kg及373.6Kg,最遠(yuǎn)拋射距離分別為41.4m及49.5m。吸附瓦斯壓力越高,拋射距離越遠(yuǎn),突出煤巖樣中,純煤樣占的比重越大,煤樣粉碎程度越高,驗(yàn)證了突出過程中吸附瓦斯主要對(duì)煤體進(jìn)行粉碎作用的結(jié)論。突出發(fā)生后,突出煤樣以突出口圓心所在直線為對(duì)稱軸呈軸對(duì)稱的扇形分布。在兩次試驗(yàn)中,突出煤巖樣以突出粉煤為邊界,分別存在4個(gè)和6個(gè)扇形,扇形之間分布著垮落的頂板巖樣�？梢哉J(rèn)為,在第一次和第二次試驗(yàn)過程中,分別存在4次和6次瓦斯粉碎煤體的過程。(3)通過圖像處理的方法,對(duì)突出過程中獲得的視頻資料進(jìn)行處理,得到突出粉煤-瓦斯混合流的速度分布規(guī)律。粉煤-瓦斯混合流在出口處的噴射速度為54.55m/s,然后速度逐漸衰減,在距離突出口1~6m范圍內(nèi)的平均速度下降為21.43m/s。在突出口前方無(wú)障礙物的情況下,突出煤樣的重量主要分布在距離突出口較近處和較遠(yuǎn)處,而在有障礙物情況下,突出煤樣重量主要集中在障礙物附近。突出發(fā)生后,煤層頂板巖層發(fā)生沉降,距離突出口越近的巖層,沉降值越大,挨著突出口所在壁面的巖層沉降了17.2cm,距離突出口越遠(yuǎn),巖層沉降越少。突出煤層的直接頂巖層發(fā)生彎曲變形,呈現(xiàn)明顯的自然拱形狀。(4)通過flac3d數(shù)值模擬軟件,模擬了大淑村礦突出模擬試驗(yàn)過程中應(yīng)力演化規(guī)律。結(jié)果表明:突出過程中,煤層頂板應(yīng)力分布沿工作面走向和傾向發(fā)生應(yīng)力轉(zhuǎn)移,突出口兩側(cè)應(yīng)力集中區(qū)范圍和應(yīng)力值增大,沿走向煤層頂板應(yīng)力向煤層深部轉(zhuǎn)移趨勢(shì)。利用123131對(duì)突出過程中的煤層應(yīng)變演化特征進(jìn)行分析,并結(jié)合應(yīng)力演化特征,對(duì)能量演化特征進(jìn)行分析。結(jié)果表明:在突出發(fā)展的第Ⅰ階段,共消耗了30.26kj的彈性潛能,775.65kj的瓦斯內(nèi)能,煤體拋出功為594.815kj,煤體破碎功為211.095kj。從突出發(fā)展的第Ⅰ階段至突出結(jié)束階段,共消耗了15.1kj的彈性潛能,481kj的瓦斯內(nèi)能,煤體拋出功為409.8517kj,煤體破碎功為86.24kj。(5)通過對(duì)大淑村礦172103工作面的采動(dòng)應(yīng)力進(jìn)行數(shù)值模擬研究,得到斷層對(duì)采動(dòng)應(yīng)力時(shí)空演化規(guī)律的影響。模擬結(jié)果表明:在工作面前方煤體無(wú)斷層構(gòu)造時(shí),在距離工作面3~5m范圍內(nèi),煤體所受應(yīng)力達(dá)到最大值為25.5mpa,為原巖應(yīng)力的1.7倍,并在距離工作面8m左右的位置降低到原巖應(yīng)力大小。所以,在距離工作面8m范圍內(nèi)的煤體,應(yīng)力發(fā)生了急劇的變化,在應(yīng)力轉(zhuǎn)移過程中,這部分煤體所受應(yīng)力先逐漸升高,在載荷的作用下被壓縮,隨著工作面的推進(jìn),峰值應(yīng)力繼續(xù)向深部轉(zhuǎn)移,這部分煤體所受應(yīng)力降低,并向采空空間膨脹,在膨脹過程中,部分煤體會(huì)被破壞,并發(fā)育新的裂隙;在工作面前方煤體中有斷層構(gòu)造時(shí),峰值應(yīng)力最大為28.5mpa,應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)為1.9,在工作面推進(jìn)到距離斷層200m以內(nèi)后,工作面前方煤體的峰值應(yīng)力最大值有先增大后減小的現(xiàn)象。(6)通過巖石力學(xué)和彈性力學(xué)的理論知識(shí),分析了斷層構(gòu)造帶附近煤與瓦斯突出多發(fā)的原因。斷層構(gòu)造對(duì)附近煤體的應(yīng)力分布影響較大,構(gòu)造斷層使峰值應(yīng)力增大了3mpa,應(yīng)力集中系數(shù)也從1.7增大到1.9,并使工作面前方應(yīng)力值整體升高,越是靠近斷層處,越產(chǎn)生更多的應(yīng)力值起伏。同時(shí),斷層也使其兩側(cè)的煤巖體都產(chǎn)生了不同程度的應(yīng)力集中。在斷層構(gòu)造附近,地應(yīng)力與構(gòu)造應(yīng)力疊加,增加了斷層附近煤體的峰值應(yīng)力。同時(shí),斷層附近,構(gòu)造軟煤的發(fā)育,煤的透氣性差、抗拉及抗壓強(qiáng)度低,容易與卸壓區(qū)之間產(chǎn)生較高的瓦斯壓力梯度,處于脆弱的穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),在外界擾動(dòng)下,容易發(fā)生煤與瓦斯突出。(7)通過開展煤體吸附瓦斯應(yīng)變?cè)囼?yàn)研究瓦斯對(duì)煤體的蝕損破壞機(jī)制。結(jié)果表明:比表面積越大,煤體的吸附能力越強(qiáng),吸附膨脹變形越大,隨著吸附瓦斯壓力的升高,吸附膨脹變形越大;吸附性越強(qiáng)的氣體對(duì)煤體的蝕損破壞作用越明顯�？紫稓怏w對(duì)煤體的蝕損破壞作用主要是孔隙氣體的存在,使煤巖體內(nèi)部的微裂隙、裂隙表面產(chǎn)生膨脹能,導(dǎo)致煤體顆粒之間的作用力減弱,被破壞時(shí)需要的表面能減小,降低了煤體強(qiáng)度,導(dǎo)致煤在瓦斯拉應(yīng)力作用下發(fā)生突出。(8)根據(jù)論文前部分的研究結(jié)論,對(duì)大淑村礦的突出案例進(jìn)行分析。通過SEM(掃描電子顯微鏡)對(duì)大淑村礦2#煤層的孔隙結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分形維數(shù)分析、開展分級(jí)加載條件下的蠕變?cè)囼?yàn)及工作面回風(fēng)巷道變形規(guī)律的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀測(cè),均表明大淑村礦2#煤層具有較強(qiáng)的流變特性。當(dāng)1772205運(yùn)料巷掘進(jìn)到靠近煤柱下方時(shí),地應(yīng)力、煤柱集中應(yīng)力、構(gòu)造應(yīng)力和工作面超前應(yīng)力在此區(qū)域疊加,相比于不存在煤柱的煤體,這部分煤體所受的應(yīng)力要高很多,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過煤體的屈服強(qiáng)度,極大縮短了蠕變第Ⅱ階段的時(shí)長(zhǎng),迅速進(jìn)入第Ⅲ階段,在外界擾動(dòng)下,發(fā)生煤與瓦斯突出。
[Abstract]:Coal and gas outburst is an extremely complicated dynamic phenomenon occurring during the production of coal mine. With the deep depth of mining level, the stress and gas pressure increase, the gas content is increased, the gas permeability is poor, and the coal and gas outburst dynamic disasters are becoming more and more serious and complicated, and some coal and gas outburst hazards are dangerous. In order to effectively prevent and control the occurrence of outburst accidents and ensure the safety of the mine production, all the world's major coal producing countries have invested a lot of manpower and material resources to study the coal and gas outburst so as to provide theoretical and technical basis for the prediction and control of the outburst accidents. The mechanism and the understanding of the mechanism of coal and rock mass destruction and development in the protruding process still remain in the hypothesis stage, and can only explain some phenomena during and after the protruding process, and have not formed a complete set of theoretical system. Because of the destructive, sudden and special characteristics of coal and gas outburst accidents, it can be accurately monitored and obtained. A series of parameters in the process of accident can not be realized, and the further development of scientific research is hindered. In this paper, the simulation test of coal and gas outburst is systematically studied by using the similar simulation device of large size coal and gas outburst, which is developed independently, and the physical parameters of the protruding process are tested and the numerical simulation of the FLAC3D is carried out through numerical simulation. The software simulated the roof stress change law during the outburst test process of the coal sample of the great Shu Village, and through the coal and gas outburst model of coal body damage evolution model to the coal in the protruding process; through the FLAC3D numerical simulation software, the time and space evolution law of the mining stress of the coal face is studied, and the effect of the stress on the outburst is analyzed and the effect of the stress on the outburst is analyzed. The test of coal body adsorption gas strain test studied the effect of pore gas on the erosion and damage of coal body, and then analyzed the effect of gas on the outburst. Finally, through the conclusions obtained, the real outstanding cases were analyzed. The following main achievements were obtained in this paper: (1) all kinds of prominent simulation devices and outburst existing at home and abroad are summarized. On the basis of the advantages and disadvantages of the simulation test, a set of "large size coal and gas outburst simulation test device" is developed. The "large size coal and gas outburst simulation test device" can fill in the 1t heavy coal and rock model, injecting the pressure gas around 100L, and can simulate the outburst happening in the underground to a large extent. The test can simulate different molding pressure, different load size, different stress distribution law, different gas pressure, different roof and floor rock structure conditions. (2) through the independent research and development of large size coal and gas outburst similar simulation device to carry out the 2# coal seam of the great Shu Village Coal Mine and the revitalization of the coal and gas process of the coal seam coal samples of the 2# coal seam in the revitalization of the mine The experimental results show that under the conditions of 0.3MPa and 0.6MPa, the weight of the outburst coal and rock is 369.9Kg and 373.6Kg, respectively, the higher the maximum ejection distance is 41.4m and 49.5m., the farther the ejection distance is, the farther the ejection distance is, the larger the proportion of the pure coal sample is, the more the coal sample is, the pulverizing process of the coal sample. The higher the degree, the conclusion that the adsorption gas is mainly comminuted to the coal body during the protruding process. After the outburst, the outburst coal sample is axisymmetric fan distribution with the straight line of the center of the outburst of the mouth. In the two test, the outburst of coal and rock samples to protruding the coal as the boundary, there are 4 and 6 sectors respectively, and the fans are distributed among the sectors. It can be considered that there are 4 and 6 Gas pulverized coal processes in the first and second tests. (3) through the image processing method, the video data obtained during the outburst process are processed to obtain the velocity distribution of the outburst coal gas mixture flow. The coal gas mixture flow is at the exit. The jet velocity is 54.55m/s, and then the velocity gradually attenuates. The average velocity in the range of 1~6m range from the outburst is reduced to 21.43m/s. at the front of the outburst. The weight of the outburst coal is mainly distributed in the near and far distance from the outburst, and the weight of the outburst coal is mainly concentrated in the barrier under the condition of obstacles. Near the object, after the outburst occurred, the roof strata of the coal seam subsiding, the more close to the outburst, the larger the settlement value, the rock layer next to the wall of the outburst is 17.2cm, the farther from the outburst, the less the rock stratum settlement. The direct top rock of the outburst coal seam is bending and changing, showing the obvious shape of the natural arch. (4) through the FLAC3D numerical value The simulation software simulates the stress evolution law in the process of the outburst simulation test of the great Shu Village mine. The results show that stress distribution of the stress distribution along the working surface along the working face occurs during the protruding process, and the stress concentration area and stress value of the two sides of the outburst are increased, and the trend along the roof stress of the coal seam to the depth of the coal seam. 1231 31 the evolution characteristics of coal seam strain during the outburst process are analyzed, and the characteristics of the evolution of the stress are analyzed. The results show that the elastic potential of 30.26kj is consumed in the first stage of the outstanding development, the internal energy of 775.65kj gas, the work of the coal body is 594.815kj, and the work of coal crushing is 211.095kj. from the outstanding development. From the first stage to the outgoing stage, the elastic potential of 15.1kj is consumed, the gas internal energy of the 481kj, the work of the coal body is 409.8517kj, the work of the coal body is 86.24kj. (5), through the numerical simulation of the mining stress of the 172103 working face of the great Shu Village mine, the influence of the fault on the time and space evolution of the mining stress is obtained. The simulation results show that: When the coal body is without fault structure in front of the working face, the maximum stress of coal body is 25.5Mpa, which is 1.7 times of the original rock stress in the range of distance working face 3~5m, and it is reduced to the size of the original rock stress at the distance of about 8m from the working face. Therefore, the stress changes sharply in the coal body within the range of 8m range from the working face, and the stress turns in the stress rotation. During the process, the stress of this part of the coal body is gradually increased and compressed under the action of load. With the advancing of the working face, the peak stress continues to move to the deep part. This part of the coal body is reduced to the stress and expands to the goaf space. In the process of expansion, some of the coal is destroyed and the new fissure is developed; in the coal body ahead of the working face, the coal body is in the front of the working face. When there is a fault structure, the maximum peak stress is 28.5mpa and the stress concentration coefficient is 1.9. The maximum peak stress of the coal body ahead of the working face increases first and then decreases after the working face is pushed to the distance fault 200m. (6) through the theoretical knowledge of rock mechanics and elastic mechanics, the coal and gas outburst near the fault tectonic zone is analyzed. The fault structure has a great influence on the stress distribution of the nearby coal. The tectonic fault makes the peak stress increase 3Mpa, the stress concentration coefficient increases from 1.7 to 1.9, and the stress value in front of the work is increased as a whole, the more the stress is near the fault, the more the stress value rises. At the same time, the fault also causes the coal and rock mass on both sides of the work. In the vicinity of the fault structure, the stress and the tectonic stress are superimposed, and the peak stress of the coal is increased near the fault. At the same time, near the fault, the development of the soft coal, the poor permeability of coal, the low tensile strength and the low compressive strength, is easy to produce a higher gas pressure gradient between the pressure relief area and is in a fragile stable state. Under the external disturbance, coal and gas outburst easily occur. (7) the corrosion damage mechanism of gas to coal is studied by the test of coal adsorption gas strain. The results show that the greater the surface area, the stronger the adsorption capacity of the coal body, the larger the adsorption expansion deformation, the greater the adsorption expansion deformation, and the stronger the adsorption property. The effect of gas on the erosion and damage of coal body is more obvious. The main effect of pore gas on the coal body is the existence of pore gas, which causes the micro crack and the crack surface in the coal and rock mass to produce expansion energy, resulting in the weakening of the force between the coal particles, the decrease of the surface energy needed when the coal body is destroyed, the coal strength and the coal in the tile. Under the action of SLA stress. (8) according to the conclusion of the previous part of the paper, the prominent case of Dadu village is analyzed. Through the SEM (scanning electron microscope), the fractal dimension of the pore structure of the 2# coal seam in the Dadu village mine is analyzed, and the creep test under the condition of graded loading and the scene of the deformation law of the air return roadway in the working face are carried out. The observation shows that the 2# coal seam in the great Shu Cun mine has strong rheological characteristics. When the 1772205 transportation lane is heading to the bottom of the coal pillar, the stress, the concentrated stress of the coal pillar and the superposition of the tectonic stress and the overstress in the working face are superimposed in this area. Compared to the coal body without coal pillar, the stress of this part of the coal body is much higher than that of the coal body. The intensity of the service greatly shortened the time of creep stage II and quickly entered the stage III, and coal and gas outburst occurred under external disturbance.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)(北京)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：TD713

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相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

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