本文選題：井-地瞬變電磁法 + 等效電流環(huán)��； 參考：《中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：我國煤礦水文地質(zhì)條件十分復(fù)雜,水害防治形勢愈發(fā)嚴(yán)峻,水源性隱蔽致災(zāi)體的準(zhǔn)確探測仍將是今后防治水工作的重點和難點。煤礦井下水害事故主要發(fā)生在巷道掘進期間和工作面回采期間。雖然物探方法在以往實踐中提前發(fā)現(xiàn)災(zāi)害性地質(zhì)異常體,為保障礦井安全生產(chǎn)發(fā)揮巨大作用,但也存在對巷道前方探測距離不夠長(一般在100m左右)、假異常多,對工作面穿透距離短(一般不超過200m)、遠(yuǎn)處分辨率不夠等缺點。另外,在回采工作面頂?shù)装搴畬舆M行注漿改造時,對小體積的導(dǎo)水性陷落柱、巖溶、斷層等水源性隱蔽致災(zāi)體的精確探測存在技術(shù)缺口。針對當(dāng)前技術(shù)手段的不足,研究一種在煤礦井下水平鉆孔中接收感應(yīng)二次場、地面回線磁源激發(fā)一次場的瞬變電磁探測技術(shù)(簡稱井-地瞬變電磁法)。地面發(fā)射源可將回線源和電流盡量加大,增加發(fā)射磁矩以盡量激發(fā)地下水源性隱蔽致災(zāi)體;水平鉆孔內(nèi)布置的測點距離異常體更近,最大限度減少二次場的距離損失。理論上,井-地瞬變電磁法對水源性隱蔽致災(zāi)體具有更強的分辨能力。在煤礦巷道掘進前方超前鉆孔中應(yīng)用該項技術(shù),能實現(xiàn)利用單個鉆孔長距離準(zhǔn)確探查掘進前方水源性隱蔽致災(zāi)體的目的;在工作面鉆孔中應(yīng)用該項技術(shù),能對鉆孔周圍漏掉的水源性隱蔽致災(zāi)體進行定位,提高探查準(zhǔn)確度和效率。論文以載流回線磁源激發(fā)場分布和異常體感應(yīng)渦流場三分量特征為研究對象,以公式推導(dǎo)、三維時域有限差分?jǐn)?shù)值模擬、理論分析等為研究方法,對異常體的井-地瞬變電磁法響應(yīng)特征、感應(yīng)渦流場三分量的空間指向性、浮動系數(shù)空間交匯算法和最小二乘反演算法進行研究,實現(xiàn)基于井-地瞬變電磁法的異常體三維空間定位技術(shù)。論文取得的主要研究成果如下:(1)推導(dǎo)了激發(fā)場的解析解公式,獲得了激發(fā)場的分布特征和回線源最佳尺寸匹配依據(jù)。從畢奧-薩伐爾定律出發(fā),對圓形回線源、長方形回線源和正方形回線源分別進行磁感應(yīng)強度解析解的推導(dǎo)。對各種激發(fā)源載入直流電后在空間形成的磁場分布進行數(shù)值計算,分析總結(jié)其分布特征。依據(jù)回線源在地下不同深度產(chǎn)生磁場的強度分布特征,獲得最佳回線源尺寸的選擇辦法。三種激發(fā)源的激發(fā)場在空間的分布特征基本一致,激發(fā)場強度總體呈淺部強、深部弱的分布特征,磁感應(yīng)強度主要受與回線源的距離控制,在回線附近的磁場表現(xiàn)為最強值。隨著與回線源之間距離的增加,磁感應(yīng)強度變化逐漸減慢。在與回線源一定距離的平面上,磁感應(yīng)強度分布呈中間強、邊緣弱的特征,等值線依據(jù)回線源形狀表現(xiàn)為圓形或橢圓形。在回線源中間部分區(qū)域,激發(fā)場主要為垂向磁場且強度在橫向上的變化較小,這是地面瞬變電磁法將回線中心一定區(qū)域當(dāng)作均勻場的原因。以實際生產(chǎn)中常用的正方形回線為例,計算8種常見尺寸回線在地下不同深度產(chǎn)生的磁場。大尺寸回線源在淺部產(chǎn)生的激發(fā)場并非更強,但隨深度變化相對穩(wěn)定,且深部的激發(fā)場相對更強。在某個固定深度的目標(biāo)體處,過大或過小尺寸的回線源并不能激發(fā)出最大強度的一次磁場。計算結(jié)果對井-地瞬變電磁法回線源尺寸的選擇具有指導(dǎo)意義。(2)獲得了煤礦典型水源性隱蔽致災(zāi)體的響應(yīng)特征,和主要參數(shù)改變對三分量響應(yīng)的影響規(guī)律。采用三維時域有限差分算法,對構(gòu)建的含水陷落柱、小煤窯積水采空區(qū)、含導(dǎo)水?dāng)鄬雍晚敯迳皫r富水體等煤礦典型水源性隱蔽致災(zāi)體的全空間三分量響應(yīng)進行數(shù)值模擬。各模型的異常體均有明顯的三分量磁異常響應(yīng),異常測道曲線均以“N”或“V”為基本形狀,過零點和極值點分別指向異常體中心在測線上的位置。對回線源尺寸、低阻覆蓋層、異常體方位、異常體規(guī)模和距離這五方面因素的影響進行數(shù)值模擬�；鼐�源尺寸的增加能提高總場和異常場的響應(yīng)強度,但增加幅度逐漸減弱,且異常場面臨幅值極限。低阻覆蓋層使得異常響應(yīng)幅值隨覆蓋層電阻率的降低而減弱。三分量異常曲線形態(tài)組合與異常體相對測線的空間方位具有單一的匹配性,可據(jù)此對異常體方位進行判斷。異常體與測線距離的變化,只改變異常曲線的幅值,不改變曲線的形態(tài)。距離測線越遠(yuǎn),異常信號越弱。以儀器精度和大地電磁噪聲為基本閾值,確定可分辨最小信號強度。從測線深度改變時總場三個分量的強度與最小信號閾值之間的相對關(guān)系,探討了井-地瞬變電磁法的極限探測深度。(3)以水平電流環(huán)輻射磁場各分量矢量的空間指向性為基礎(chǔ),開發(fā)出適用于水平測線不同Y偏移距的浮動系數(shù)空間交匯算法。通過分析水平電流環(huán)輻射磁場的三個分量在XY平面、XZ平面上,水平測線處各測點的三分量矢量分布,確定各分量矢量與電流環(huán)中心在XY平面、XZ平面上具有明確的指向性。采用時域有限差分算法模擬異常體的異常場,分析感應(yīng)渦流磁場隨時間的分布規(guī)律,通過與水平電流環(huán)產(chǎn)生磁場的進行對比,認(rèn)為異常體在外部產(chǎn)生的異常場,可以用位于異常體內(nèi)部的電流環(huán)所輻射的磁場來代替。研究水平測線上磁場三分量矢量對水平電流環(huán)中心的交匯特性,開發(fā)出適用于水平測線的浮動系數(shù)空間交匯算法,并建立基于不同Y偏移距的浮動系數(shù)表。在進行XZ平面交匯時,根據(jù)系數(shù)表對Z分量進行自適應(yīng)調(diào)節(jié),可使XZ平面的交匯結(jié)果更準(zhǔn)確。分別位于水平測線不同象限四個模型的試算結(jié)果,驗證了浮動系數(shù)空間交匯算法的準(zhǔn)確性。采用此算法對不同傾斜角度的近似水平電流環(huán)進行空間定位試算,計算結(jié)果說明浮動系數(shù)空間交匯算法更適用于水平電流環(huán),傾斜角度的增加會導(dǎo)致交匯準(zhǔn)確度的降低。(4)以分離的異常場三分量數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),采用基于電流環(huán)理論的最小二乘算法,反演異常體的尺寸、空間姿態(tài)和中心坐標(biāo)。以水平測線正常區(qū)段采集的數(shù)據(jù)為背景場,采用多項式擬合算法對測線異常段的背景場進行曲線擬合,獲得全測線的背景場。通過總場數(shù)據(jù)減去背景場的方式得到異常場。借助三維直角坐標(biāo)系的旋轉(zhuǎn)公式實現(xiàn)任意傾斜角度的電流環(huán)正演。視異常體內(nèi)部的渦流場為一個等效電流環(huán),賦予其中心點坐標(biāo)、半徑、傾斜角度等變量,使用帶約束的最小二乘反演算法對各變量進行反演計算,以最小擬合誤差為導(dǎo)向?qū)﹄娏鳝h(huán)的參數(shù)不斷迭代計算,獲得異常體中心坐標(biāo)、空間姿態(tài)、規(guī)模大小等參數(shù)。分別以MAXWELL軟件對板狀體的正演、時域有限差分算法對立方體的數(shù)值模擬、以地面鋁板為異常體的現(xiàn)場試驗,共三種方式取得的數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ),對反演算法進行驗證。結(jié)果顯示,對板狀體數(shù)據(jù)反演得到的電流環(huán)中心坐標(biāo)、空間姿態(tài)、尺寸均與模型參數(shù)吻合;對立方體數(shù)據(jù)反演得到的電流環(huán)中心坐標(biāo)和空間姿態(tài)與模型參數(shù)吻合較好,但尺寸結(jié)果不穩(wěn)定,與模型參數(shù)存在一定偏差;對現(xiàn)場試驗數(shù)據(jù)反演得到的電流環(huán)中心坐標(biāo)和空間姿態(tài)與模型參數(shù)吻合較好,但同樣存在尺寸結(jié)果不穩(wěn)定,存在一定偏差的現(xiàn)象。
[Abstract]:The hydrogeological conditions of coal mines in China are very complicated and the prevention and control of water hazards are becoming more and more severe. The accurate detection of the hidden source of water source will still be the key and difficult point in the future work of water prevention and control. The abnormal geological body plays a great role in ensuring the safety of mine production, but there are also shortcomings in the distance not long (usually around 100m), false abnormality, short penetration distance (generally not more than 200m), and not enough resolution in the distance in the front of the roadway. In addition, when the aquifer in the roof and floor of the mining face is modified, it is small There is a technical gap in the precise detection of water borne concealment bodies, such as the volume of water diversion column, karst, fault and so on. In view of the shortage of current technical means, a transient electromagnetic detection technique (called well ground transient electromagnetic method) for receiving the first field in the horizontal borehole in the underground coal mine is studied. The source and current can be used to increase the source and current of the return line as far as possible, to increase the emission magnetic moment to try to stimulate the underground water source hidden disaster relief body as far as possible; the measurement points arranged in the horizontal borehole are closer to the abnormal body, and the distance loss of the two field is reduced to the maximum. This technique can be applied in the front of the advance borehole in the front of the mine roadway, and it can realize the purpose of using the long distance of a single drill to detect the waterborne concealment body in front of the heading, and the application of this technique in the drilling of the working face can make the location of the waterborne concealment body leaked around the borehole, and improve the accuracy and efficiency of the exploration. The three component characteristics of the excitation field distribution of the loop magnetic source and the abnormal body induction eddy current field are studied. By formula derivation, the three-dimensional finite difference numerical simulation and the theoretical analysis are used as the research methods. The response characteristics of the well to ground transient electromagnetic method, the spatial directivity of the three components of the induced eddy current field, the spatial intersection algorithm of the floating coefficient and the most The small two ply inversion algorithm is studied to realize the three-dimensional spatial positioning technique of abnormal body based on well ground transient electromagnetic method. The main achievements of this paper are as follows: (1) the analytical formula of the excitation field is derived, the distribution characteristics of the excitation field and the best size matching basis for the return line source are obtained. The linear source, the rectangular return source and the square loop source are derived for the analytical solution of the magnetic induction intensity respectively. The distribution characteristics of the magnetic field in the space formed after the various excitation sources are loaded in the space are calculated, and the distribution characteristics of the magnetic field are analyzed and summed up. The intensity distribution characteristics of the magnetic field are generated by the source of the return line at different depths in the underground, and the optimum return line ruler is obtained. The distribution characteristics of the excitation field of the three excitation sources are basically the same, the intensity of the excitation field is shallow and the deep is weak, the magnetic induction intensity is mainly controlled by the distance from the return line, and the magnetic field near the return line is the strongest. With the increase of the distance between the return line and the return line, the magnetic induction intensity changes In a plane with a certain distance from the return line source, the distribution of magnetic induction intensity is strong in the middle and weak in the edge, and the contour lines are round or elliptical according to the shape of the return line. In the middle part of the loop source, the excitation field is mainly the vertical magnetic field and the intensity is slightly changed in the transverse direction. This is the ground transient electromagnetic method which is the return line. The cause of a certain area of the center is considered as a uniform field. Taking the square return line commonly used in actual production as an example, the magnetic field produced at different depths of the 8 common dimensions is calculated. The excitation field produced in the shallow part is not stronger, but it is relatively stable with the depth change, and the deep excitation field is relatively stronger. The maximum intensity of the primary magnetic field can not be excited by the large or too small return line source at the target body of the degree. The calculation results are of guiding significance to the selection of the source size of the well ground transient electromagnetic method. (2) the response characteristics of the typical waterborne hidden disaster body in the coal mine are obtained, and the influence of the main parameters on the response of the three component is changed. The three dimensional finite difference time domain method is used to simulate the full space three component response of the constructed water bearing collapse column, the small coal mine water gob area, the water diversion fault and the roof sandstone rich water body. All the abnormal bodies of each model have an obvious three component magnetic anomaly response, and the abnormal path curves are all "N" or "V" is the basic shape, the zero crossing point and the extreme point point to the location of the anomaly body center on the measuring line respectively. Numerical simulation is carried out on the influence of the five factors such as the line source size, the low resistance cover layer, the abnormal body azimuth, the abnormal body size and the distance. The increase of the return line source size can increase the response strength of the total field and the abnormal field, but increase the response strength of the total field and the abnormal field. The amplitude of the abnormal response decreases with the decrease of the resistivity of the overlay. The combination of the three component abnormal curve and the spatial orientation of the abnormal body has a single match, which can be used to judge the azimuth of the abnormal body and the variation of the distance between the abnormal body and the line measuring. It only changes the amplitude of the abnormal curve and does not change the shape of the curve. The farther the distance from the measuring line, the weaker the abnormal signal is. The relative relation between the intensity of the three components of the total field and the minimum signal threshold is determined by using the instrument precision and the magnetotelluric noise as the basic threshold. The relationship between the intensity of the total field and the minimum signal threshold is discussed. The limit detection depth of the variable electromagnetic method. (3) based on the spatial directivity of each component vector of the magnetic field of the horizontal current ring, a floating coefficient space intersection algorithm suitable for the different Y offset of the horizontal line is developed. By analyzing the three components of the radiation magnetic field of the horizontal current ring in the XY plane, the XZ plane, and the three measuring points at the horizontal line. The component vector distribution is determined by the definite directivity of each component vector and the center of the current loop in the XY plane and the XZ plane. The time domain finite difference method is used to simulate the anomalous field of the abnormal body and analyze the distribution of the eddy current magnetic field with the time. The anomalous field can be replaced by the magnetic field radiated by the current ring located in the abnormal body. To study the intersection characteristic of the three component vector to the center of the horizontal current loop, a floating coefficient space intersection algorithm suitable for the horizontal line is developed and the floating coefficient table based on the different Y offset is established. The intersection of the XZ plane is confluence. On the basis of the adaptive adjustment of the Z component according to the coefficient table, the intersection results of the XZ plane are more accurate. The accuracy of the floating coefficient space intersection algorithm is verified by the trial results of four models of the different quadrants of the horizontal line. The algorithm is used to calculate the spatial location of the near horizontal current ring with different inclined angles. The result shows that the spatial intersection algorithm of floating coefficient is more applicable to the horizontal current ring, and the increase of the inclination angle will lead to the reduction of intersection accuracy. (4) based on the three component data of the separated anomaly field, using the least square algorithm based on the current loop theory, the scale of the abnormal body, the spatial attitude and the central coordinate are retrieved, and the horizontal line is normal. The data collected in the section is the background field, and the background field of the anomaly segment is fitted by polynomial fitting algorithm. The background field of the full measuring line is obtained. The anomalous field is obtained by the total field data subtracting the background field. With the help of the rotation formula of the 3D rectangular coordinate system, the current loop of the arbitrary angle angle is realized. The interior of the apparent anomaly body is realized. The eddy current field is an equivalent current ring, which gives its center point coordinates, radius and angle of angle, and uses the least square inversion algorithm with constraint to calculate the variables. The parameters of the center coordinate, space attitude and size of the anomaly body are obtained by iterative calculation of the parameters of the current ring with the minimum fitting error as the guidance. The numerical simulation of the cube by MAXWELL software, the numerical simulation of the cube by the finite difference time domain algorithm, the field test of the ground aluminum plate as the abnormal body, the data obtained from three ways, and the verification of the inversion algorithm. The results show that the center coordinates of the current ring, the spatial attitude and the size are all obtained by the inversion of the plate data. The center coordinates and the spatial attitude of the current loop obtained by the inversion of the cube data are in good agreement with the model parameters, but the size results are not stable, and there is a certain deviation from the model parameters. The center coordinates and the spatial attitude of the current loop obtained from the field test data are in good agreement with the model parameters, but the size of the current loop is also in good agreement with the model parameters. The result is unstable and there is a certain deviation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：TD745;P631.325

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